Geriatric Depression Assessment and Plan of Care - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1760 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? It is difficult to imagine approximately 5.6 to 8 million Americans 65 years or older are diagnosed with a mental health or substance-use disorder (Bartels Naslund, 2013, p. 493). Furthermore, it is estimated by 2030 these numbers will not decrease, rather, increase. It is estimated 10.1 to 14.4 million geriatric patients will be diagnosed with a mental illness by 2030 (Bartels Naslund, 2013, p.493). Specifically within the geriatric population, mental health providers recognize depression is a common mental health concern worldwide. Depression has several factors that are disabling. Depression has a significant impact on a patients physical health, emotional health and general quality of life. For some, just waking up to see a new day of life could be a difficult challenge to overcome. Older adults are normally characterized as happy and satisfied with their quality of life. However, research proves this is not always true. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Geriatric Depression Assessment and Plan of Care" essay for you Create order Depression is common among the geriatric population, however, it is most prevalent among older residents living in nursing homes. In a randomized controlled trial, researchers in the United Kingdom evaluated residents among care homes. The geriatric population assessed were that of those 65 years or older. Researchers excluded all residents who they deemed too ill or diagnosed with a terminal illness. Together, historical data shows individuals susceptible to developing depression have other health related co-morbidities of which commonly include macular degeneration and stroke according to researchers Bartels and Naslund (2013). Other related health conditions collected within the historical data assessment includes urinary incontinence, dementia, anxiety, cancer, osteoporosis and chronic lung disease (Underwood et al., 2013). Those who are affected by depression also reported during historical data collection their lack of education, unemployment status and their lack of personal f inancial stability (Nair, Hiremath, Ramesh, Pooja, Nair, 2013). In other words, the geriatric population does not actively seek mental health care, as the affordability is an issue. If a patient were required to choose paying for their much needed diabetic supplies, versus seeking medical treatment, they would without hesitation spend their funding on their diabetic supplies. After all, they could die if their diabetic supplies are not refilled adequately. Assessment data recorded amongst the geriatric population was a major component within depressive research. Collectively, it was important to gather assessment data such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), European Qualify of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), current pain level and the individuals fear of falling score (Underwood et al., 2013, p. 43). Demographic data such as the patients age, race, height, weight, mid-arm circumferences and hip circumferences were also proven to be beneficial for researchers. It was important to assess the level of malnutrition among the geriatric population. When assessed for depression, a 24-hour diet food recall was completed (Ahmadi et al., 2013). It was also found beneficial to gather data including how many years of education the geriatric patient received and how many years were spent living inside of their home (Underwood et al., 2013). Mental health is often viewed as a forgotten part of healthcare. Unlike physical illnesses, mental health illnesses cannot always be diagnosed and determined by an x-ray or abnormal lab value. Rather, they are often evaluated by questionnaires and surveys. In determining the depressive findings among older adults, researchers must examine the above mentioned tests. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) ranges from a score of 0 to 15. Furthermore, the scoring of the exam is classified as 0-4 normal, 5-8 mild depression, 9-11 moderate depression and 12-15 severe depression (Greenberg, 2012). If a patient scores greater than 5 points on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), depression is warranted (Greenberg, 2012). If a patient scores greater than 10 on the GDS, this is clearly indicative of depression. It is statistically proven the Geriatric Depression Scale provides an accurate account of the level of depression amongst the geriatric patient population. The scale consists of series of questions compiled into a questionnaire. Researchers have developed a long form and a short form. The geriatric population is able to simply answer yes or no to questions such as, Do you feel that your life is empty? (Greenberg, 2012, para 8). Although this tool cannot be replaced by a complete and thorough evaluation by a mental health provider, it can provide a baseline of their mental illness. Nurses and caregivers can easily perform this test in order to assess whether or not further mental health care is indicated. Research demonstrates the scale should be performed regularly amongst older adults in resident care homes and community centers. The short 5-7 minute form could potentially save an older adults life. The GDS score is typically the depression diagnostic evaluator for the geriatric population. However, healthcare professionals should also evaluate the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score thoroughly, as it may provide other rationales for the patients behavioral and/or emotional concerns. Further, the GDS score does not present information on the patients assessment of suicidal ideation. That crucial piece of information should be meticulously examined at the time of the examination. Other scales mentioned in assessing depression among geriatric adults are Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Cooney et al., 2013). The type(s) of scales used are dependent on the healthcare providers choice of preference. In evaluating for a physiological reason as to the patients emotional concerns, labs such as a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, thyroid stimulating hormone, vitamin C and vitamin D should be drawn, as a part of the assessment procedure. A urine analysis should also be assessed. Depending on the sex of the patient being assessed, testosterone and estrogen levels should also be evaluated. Often, a slight abnormality within the lab workup can cause irrational, abnormal behavior. If a patient meets the criteria for the diagnosis of depression, it is important to explain to the patient what their diagnosis means. Most patients have heard of the word depression, but have never developed any thought into what it might entail. The word depression for some can be shameful to hear. This can make the patient feel even more saddened, after learning he/she has been diagnosed. After the patient has a grasp on what depression consists of, and how the provider came to their diagnostical decision, options for treatment should be explained. Antidepressants may be the first intervention implemented by the mental health provider. Antidepressants are known to be an effective type of therapy for those suffering from depression. However, before pharmacological techniques are introduced, a change in the patients lifestyle could be a simple and effective treatment. Exercise therapy has been suggested by researchers in the past, as being as effective if not more effective than antidepressant medication (Cooney, et al., 2013). Although ultimately an antidepressant medication may be required in order for the patient to live a happy life, exercise therapy can be suggested in conjunction to the medication. If the patient would rather attempt natural remedies for treating his/her depression, proper nutrition, exercise therapy and peer support would be beneficial for their plan of care (Bartels Naslund, 2013). A team approach must be taken to initiate the interventions suggested in the patients plan of care. The patient, their family, nurses, physicians, social workers, physical therapists and pharmacists should work together as a team to strive for one common goal: maintaining a happy and fulfilling life for the patient in need. The team should suggest non-pharmacological interventions such as joining a social club, going on a walk, visiting with friends on a regular basis and eating a balanced diet. These are just a few of the many suggestions the team could suggest the patient attempt, prior to prescribing an antidepressant. If these techniques are unsuccessful, the team should evaluate the medication regimen the patient is currently prescribed and consider the safest antidepressant available to administer. If the patient is at risk for suicidal ideation, family members and/or staff at the care home should be notified and preventative measures should be taken immediately. The patient should be informed of the serious side effects of the medication. Mental health patients often believe they are cured after noticing significant improvement after taking an antidepressant for a prolonged period of time. However,if used for longer than six weeks, all antidepressants have the potential to cause withdrawal syndromes if they are stopped or rapidly reduced (Keks, Hope, Keogh 2016, p. 76). Therefore, the risks of abruptly stopping their medication should be emphasized by the patients health care team. Conclusively, as the baby boomer generation continues to age, physical and mental health illnesses will rise. The geriatric population may actively seek medical help in order to treat their physical illnesses, however, healthcare personnel from all areas of the field should be cognizant of unrecognized depressive symptoms. A diagnosis of depression should be taken seriously and acted upon. After recognition, healthcare teams should act quickly and implement non-pharmacological and if needed, pharmacological measures immediately. References Ahmadi, S.M., Mohammadi, M.R., Mostafavi, S.A., Keshavarzi, S., Alikooshesh, S.M., Joulaei, H., Sarikhani, Y., Peimani, P., Heydari, S.T., Lankarani, K.B. (2013). Dependence of the geriatric depression on nutritional status and anthropometric indices in elderly population. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 8(2), 92-96. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3796300/pdf/IJPS-8-92.pdf Bartels, S. Naslund, J. (2013). The under side of the silver tsunami-older adults and mental health care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(6), 493-496. Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1211456 Chang, C.F., Lin, M.H., Wang, J., Fan, J.Y., Chou, L.N., Chen, M.Y. (2013). The relationship between geriatric depression and health-promoting behaviors among community-dwelling seniors. Journal of Nursing Research, 21(2), 75-82. doi: 10.1097/jnr.0b013e3182921fc9 Cooney, G.M., Dwan, K., Greig, C.A., Lawlor, D.A., Rimer, J., Waugh, F.R., McMurdo, M., Mead, G. E. (2013). Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6 Greenberg, S.A. (2012). The geriatric depression scale (GDS). Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 4. Retrieved from https://consultgeri.org/try-this/general-assessment/issue-4.pdf Keks, N., Hope, J., Keogh, S. (2016). Switching and stopping antidepressants. Australian Prescriber, 39(3), 76â€Å"83. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2016.039 Nair, S.S., Hiremath, S.G., Ramesh, Pooja, Nair, S.S. (2013). Depression among geriatrics: prevalence and associated factors. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 5(8), 110-112. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/730e/5946fb4d126fd54512bd8a6c1472ed53160c.pdf. Underwood, M., Lamb, S.E., Eldridge, S., Sheehan, B., Slowther, A.M., Spencer, A., Thorogood, M., Atherton, N., Bremner, S., Devine, A., Diaz-Ordaz, K., Ellard, D., Potter, R., Spanjers, K., Taylor, S. (2013). Exercise for depression in elderly residents of care homes: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 382(9886), 41-49. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673613606492

The Lawmaking Process and the House Rules - 761 Words

It is no secret that the lawmaking process is a long winding road of difficulty and roadblocks. Without a few representatives, a bill cannot be introduced in the House or into the Senate. If a bill is introduced to the House, it is named a number with the letters â€Å"HR† before it. If it is taken to the Senate, then it’s given a number with the letter â€Å"S† before it. When presenting a bill, what is most important is who supports said bill. Usually, more powerful members of Congress are wanted to sponsor a piece of legislation for support for its path of approval. After the bill is introduced in either house, it is then assigned to an appropriate sub-committee in that chamber. If the subcommittee does not discuss the bill or don’t like it, the bill is never discussed again by either the committee or the full Congress. However, if the full committee likes the bill and it is approved, then it is placed on agenda for a complete discussion by the full chamber. 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A more realistic version? Who wants to go to McDonald’s? Three hands go up. However, John is the official representative of the group, and he thinks The Tofu House is a better choice for the group. The Tofu House it is. Richard Parker suggests that it is time to reevaluate our system of indirect democracyRead MoreFeatures Of The Written Constitution Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesGovernor- General whose power are to summon, prorogue and dissolve Parliament (Govtnz, 2016). Following, the Legislature which is the Parliament- consists of Sovereign together with the House of Representative take responsibility in making law. Particularly, until the Sovereign assents to a Bill passed by the House, it would become an official law. Next, an Executive branch which composed of Member of Parliament and Parliamentary Under-secretary ‘s mandates are to develop policy and propose legislationRead MoreSeven Roles of Chief Legislator: Barack Obama1537 Words   |  7 Pagesofficers, raise and provide public money and oversee how it’s used, approve presidential appointments, approve treaties negotiated by the Executive Branch, and oversee investigations. (Capitol Visitor Center, n.d., p. xx-xx) Congress is divided into the House of Representatives which is determined by the size of a state’s population, and the Senate which has a person for every state in America so there is equality for decisions. 7 Roles of Chief Legislator One of the seven duties is the Chief of State

A Separate Peace Free Essays

â€Å"A Separate Peace† is a novel written by John Knowles at the back drop of the Second World War. The harsh realities of the time laid down the concept of the title of the novel, as according to Neil Baldwin, â€Å"The pressure of this environment at such a dire and impressionable time laid the foundation for A Separate Peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baldwin, p. 1). We will write a custom essay sample on A Separate Peace or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel was subsequently published in 1959 in England and in the United States in 1960. The title of the novel according to J. Knosldx and Liz Gershel refers both to the political and personal context of the novel. According to them, the political context of the novel refers to President’s Roosevelt’s warning that peace is indivisible and that war in one part of the world will endanger all other parts: â€Å"When peace has been broken anywhere, the peace of all countries anywhere is in danger† (p. 2). The personal contest of the novel refers to Finny’s inner joy and vision for peace in which Gene draws strength and comforts. The novel begins with Gene Forester’s return to the old high school in New Hampshire to reflect on some of the memories particularly on the incidents during the summer season between his junior and senior years. Gene referring to the old huge tree on the river bank says, â€Å"This was the tree, and it seemed to me standing there to resemble those men, the giants of your childhood, whom you encounter years later and find that they are not merely smaller in relation to your growth, but that they are†¦.the old giants have become pigmies the other way† (Knowles, p. 6).   Ã‚  As he walks around the empty campus of the Devon School, Gene recalls an incident where along with his friend Phineas or Finny, they attended a tea, in which Gene point out his dislike of Finny’s behavior towards the school authority. Finny deliberately defy the etiquette of the occasion by wearing the school’s tie as a belt, and dresses in a pink shirt. Gene commented that Finny is the single person who could â€Å"get away† with such manner of dressing. While he was resting at the foot of a huge tree overhanging a riverbank, a scene during his junior and senior years flashed back in his mind where his best friend named Phineas challenges â€Å"the other boys to make a leap from the fateful tree on the river bank into the cold waters† (Baldwin, p. 5). Baldwin noted that Gene recalled Finny’s aggressive and adventurous character all through the book. The political context of the novel is seen in Gene’s thinking wherein he said, â€Å"Nothing endures, not a tree, not love, not even violence. Changed, I headed back through the mud. I was drenched; anybody could see it was time to come in out of the rain† (Knowles, p. 6). Here, Gene seemed to be talking of the ruthlessness of war. Nothing can endure it, not even a tree. Perhaps this refers to the re-introduction of the conscription for all young men age seventeen to render military service. Al though they have three options, but all boils down to one, serving in the armed forces and face the imminent danger of being killed in action. According to Knosldx and Gershel, President Truman’s authorization of the dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 1945 not only ended the war, but it also spared the lives of many Americans. Knosldx and Gershel stated, â€Å"Gene acknowledges that his life and the lives of many of his classmates were spared this way† (p. 2). Thus, it appears that the author (Knowles) conveys his views of the impact of the war wherein he seemed hopeless whether everything will finally be over or the destructions and violence of war will continue until no one can endure it, not even love, not even a tree. How to cite A Separate Peace, Papers A Separate Peace Free Essays A Separate Peace Free Essays In â€Å"A Separate Peace†, John Knowles uses the characters come to understand the difference between fantasy and reality, innocence and  experience, and sympathy and hatred. Phineas uses denial to protect himself against the reality of war. One person can need protection to hide from an  experience  that’s been haunting their lives like a death in the family. We will write a custom essay sample on A Separate Peace or any similar topic only for you Order Now They need this protection to help them move on in life and find peace within themselves again. Some need protection from war in the thought of death during battle.This kind of protection is more physical then emotional in that it’s asking for protection that would shield any bullet that could  enter the  body. Others need an emotional type of protection from jealousy and hatred and to  escape  their fears and from truth. This could be needed to help one get through the day and live without having to hide from other people’s jealousy and hatred. In â€Å"A Separate Peace† by John Knowles, Phineas needs protection from the truth and reality.With this, John Knowles compares reality and the truth by exhibiting the cast as a barrier that protects Phineas from the world around him, as well as the thing of craziness and reality, of innocence and  knowledge, and of love and disgust. Phineas’ defensive attitude towards the war and life in general is a result  of his anxious character not wanting to accept the changes around him, leading him into denial for his friendship with Gene and the world outside the Devon school. When Phineas hears about the war, he puts himself into complete denial as he tells Gene, â€Å"Don’t be a sap,’ he gazed with cool self-possession at me, ‘there isn’t any war†¦ that’s what this whole war story is a horrible drug† (107). Phineas doesn’t believe that there is a war going on. This is one of the things that Phineas hides and can’t face. Towards the end, Phineas tells Gene that the one thing Phineas is mad about is not being able to do anything once he breaks his leg again, is that he can’t go away to war. This shows that Phineas probably told Gene that he didn’t believe in war to hide his real emotions. When Phineas shows that he is in denial about reality and can’t handle the truth, Gene states, â€Å"To begin joking, would have been a hypocritical denial, of what had happened, and Phineas was not capable of that† (109). Gene doesn’t think that Phineas can take the truth and won’t accept reality. This shows the way Gene sees Phineas as a person, who can’t handle reality and who is living his life in denial.Phineas was in such a mind state that he couldn’t even be joked around with as a  result  of his unbearable attitude towards his leg situation. As the fact of reality, when Phineas was pushed from the tree by Gene, he started to be seen before him, Phineas cries, â€Å"I don’t care,’ Phineas interrupted in an even voice, so full of richness that it overrode all the others. I don’t care† (168) Instead o f facing the fact that he was pushed out of the tree and move on to other things, he dwelled on the past, not believing anything. This shows the way Phineas views his life and his attitude towards the world, which was that he spends his time successively from the truth about how he fell from the tree and that there isn’t a war occurring around him. Phineas lives his life by hiding from the truth, the cast acting like a barrier keeping him away from accepting the differences, both emotional and physical, that  result  from his broken leg. The cast represents his deception of Gene, reality, and what makes him realize that he will never be able to play the sports that play a key part in his life.When Phineas is notified that he will never be able to play sports again, all he wants is someone to carry his sportsmanship for him, and that is when he tells Gene, â€Å"Listen, pal, if I can’t play sports; you’re going to play them for me,’ and I lost apart of myself to him then and a soaring sense of freedom, revealed that this might have been my purpose from the first; to become a part of Phineas† (77). Phineas loses the ability to play sports and wants Gene to do that for him, but Phineas also loses his innocence..He feels as if his whole purpose after Phineas’ accident was to become a part of him and do what he no longer will be able to do. It suddenly occurs to Gene that Phineas may never be able to walk again, let alone play sports, and this is when he states, â€Å"Then my eyes fell on the bound cast white mass pointing at me, and as it was always to do, it brought me down out of Finny’s world of creation, down again as I had fell after awakening that morning, down to reality, to the facts† (107 and 108).Gene didn’t realize the outcome of his actions toward Phineas until Gene saw Phineas’ side. Finny had a world of creation where he wouldn’t face the truth and the cast acted like a barrier that sustains Phineas from facing the truth. When Phineas tells Gene his feelings of hatred towards him, Gene’s description of Phineas is, â€Å"He struggled clumsily for such a length of time that even my mind, slowed and shocked as if it had been, was able to formulate two realizations: that his leg was bound†¦ nd that he was struggling to unleash his hate against me† (176). Gene knows about Phineas’ feelings of hatred towards him and how Phineas feels about the whole accident. The act wasn’t only a barrier for the truth, but a wall that was trying to unleash his hate for Gene and for what he did to Phineas’ wonderful life. How to cite A Separate Peace, Papers

Supply Chain Management for the Case Study of Airbus

Question: Describe about the Supply Chain Management for the Case Study of Airbus. Answer: Introduction The aerospace industry has recorded a consecutive increase in the sales continuously from last three years. Supply chain management is becoming the key element for the development of the aviation industry (Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012). The complexities and risk factors mainly lie in the section of supply and management of the company. This report is made to focus on the importance of supply chain management in an organization for its smooth and reliable operation. Supply Chain Performance of Airbus: In consideration of the globally established value chain analysis among the aerospace industry involves the completion of the customer requirements. There is no violation of this aspect in case of the Airbus. The production network is combing several factors: functions of the suppliers, transporters, retailers, manufacturers, etc. Airbus is focusing on the wide process of outsourcing. This aspect is totally related to the supply chain management of the organization (Khajavi, Partanen and Holmstrom 2014). The example of value chain analysis can be explained by: Airbus and Boeing together has introduced B787 and A350XWB, which involves more complex work packages in comparison with the previous programs, though it is used to reduce the time and cost involved. Working Process of the Supply Chain in Airbus The supply chain management is totally dependent on the working culture of the stakeholders of any organization. Airbus also provides importance to their employees for managing the value chain within the industry (Martinez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes 2014). The strategically involved suppliers and other stakeholders of the Airbus first examine the subsystems and crucial parts of the organization, this aspect builds good relationship with the suppliers, customers and the employees of the organization. Airbus launched packages according to the risk shared with the suppliers. The losses considered for the suppliers or external people involved in the organization are added with the cost involved in manufacturing the product or services. This aspect makes the suppliers more responsible with their work that involves the setting up of packages, and improvement of the scope of the work, etc. (Mena, Humphries and Choi 2013). The improvement of the working culture in Airbus, the management adds new programs for involving the experienced suppliers for getting better production. Supply Chain Map Airbus organization has taken up new initiatives to increase their supply chain resilience. In this organization, the supply chain process is quite complex, and disruption occurs due to resource constrains, quality and communication issues, environmental events and supplier's insolvency. From the following statistical graph, these illustrations can be better understood. Figure 1: Supply Chain Disruptions (Source: Liu, Kasturiratne and Moser 2012, pp-585) The strategy management process of Airbus organization is as follows Figure 2: Supply Chain Management of Airbus (Source: Golicic and Davis 2012, pp-730) The major actors of Airbus' management process are suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, retailers, and customers. In the research and development center, the manufacturers use raw materials to produce the best quality of aircraft products to the customers (Aung and Chang 2014). The first tier suppliers assemble the major parts of the system such as engines, interior, gear, and avionics. The second level suppliers deliver the manufactured products. Whereas, the third level suppliers perform specific operations of the aircraft system. After analyzing the supply chain management of the Airbus organization, it can be stated that outsourcing of aircraft parts is not at all a cost effective way. In addition, outside manufacturers are not concerned to enforce security standards which can reduce the competitive strength of this organization in the global market. Therefore, a new supply chain management is proposed in the following section which can help for reliable and smooth operations. Figure 3: New Supply Chain Management for Airbus (Source: Fayezi, O'Loughlin and Zutshi 2012, pp-568) The above supply chain management model is the best-fitted option for Airbus Company, which not only manufactures the best quality of products but also streamline the entire system to reduce operational cost, to enhance the quality and to speed up the aerospace operations. Customer Relationship Management: This helps to manage to establish a healthy relationship with the customers by maintaining it with loyalty. Through this, the management authorities will be able to target and prioritize the best customers and their needs (Liu et al. 2014). This contributes to making perfect performance report to measure the profitability of the customers and financial impacts of the organization. Customer Service Management: Through this, real and single time of information can be provided to the customers such as order status, product availability and shipping dates. Demand Management: It is very crucial to maintain a fair balance between customers needs and organizations capabilities (Huang et al. 2014). This process is related to the forecasting process including procurement, production, and distribution. Order Fulfillment: It is the key factor to make any supply chain management successful. Customers are the biggest asset if any organization and their needs should be prioritized at first. This process deals with manufacturing, marketing requirements and logistic operations (Mokasdar et al. 2014). These can help to meet the customer requirements by reducing the delivering cost to the consumers. Manufacturing Management: This is concerned with the product markings and its distribution over the network. It begins with team reviewing where marketing and corporate strategies are reviewed (Zhou et al. 2014). This will help to incorporate new technologies which are necessary for better operational flow. Supplier Relationship Management: Suppliers are the ones who can give best quality aircraft products to the organization. Through this, the organization will be able to strategize the sourcing and manufacturing plans and can identify the service components which are crucial to making best aircraft system. Product Development: Reviewing the sources and strategies is a major part to offer a new quality of products and services to the customers. This is very crucial to maintain customers loyalty. Return Investment: It is the last but most important part of the supply chain management process (Hou et al. 2014). This is very helpful to gain competitive advantages for the organization by reviewing the legal and environmental compliance guidelines. Measurement of Supply Chain Management After reviewing the supply chain strategies of the Airbus Company, some of the challenges are identified which are described as follows Internal Challenges Description External Challenges Description Safety Standards In the manufactured products of Airbus organization proper security standards are missing (Cousins et al. 2015). This creates a negative impact on the customer confidence as well as brand reputation. Fuel Price Day to day increase in the fuel price creates negative impacts on the economic performance of the organization. Outsourced management More dependency on the external suppliers can reduce the competitive strengths of the organization in the global market. CO2 Reduction The absence of proper RD standard products and lack of environmental standards in the aircraft system can increase the environmental pollution (Lawson et al. 2015). New Competition New entries in the market can challenge the organization from technical as well as quality front ends. Table 1: Challenges for Airbus (Source: Petersen et al. 2015, pp-15) Information Technology in Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is concerned with the flow of information and products among the members of the supply chain. Information technology also plays the vital role in relation to the supply chain management. There is no exception with Airbus in this case (Handfield et al. 2015). Airbus examined that, information, which is the main element in the case of the supply chain management is most of the time overlooked by the members of the supply chain. The infrastructure and capabilities of the IT provide aggressive positioning of the business initiatives: cycle implementation, cycle time reduction, etc. Airbus follows three core ideologies for implementation of the IT infrastructure in the value chain: making the customer satisfied, management of the information among the value chain, setting up new IT infrastructure for handling the information in the better way (Turner et al. 2014). Airbus introduces the elements of the IT infrastructure for the developing the supply chain within the organization: input-output devices, media for storage, software and hardware support for the maintenance system, etc. Bullwhip Effect An unmanaged supply chain is not intrinsically stable. The variation in demands of the customers increases, when one rise in the supply chain. Small changes in the customer demands will make the variation on the orders placed. Ultimately the network of the industry will oscillate in a large range (Woodward et al. 2014). This happens because the problems within the organization get reduced by the from the perspective of the supply chain management. This phenomenon is known as the Bullwhip Effect. Aerospace industry also faces this issue like other industries. The main reasons for the Bullwhip effects are: overreaction to the backlogs, inventory reduction for the neglecting the orders, lack of communication for making the supply chain down, coordination problem, delay time introduces by material flow, matching of the orders, inaccuracies of the demand forecasting (Madenas et al. 2014). The above mentioned factors are also maintained by the Airbus. The Airbus is aware of managing the ef fect of Bullwhip within the organization, which improvise their competitiveness. Forecasting 2015-2024 2025-2034 2015-2034 SHARE OF 2015-2034 NEW DELIVERIES AFRICA 460 657 1,117 3% ASIA/PACIFIC 4,986 7,610 12,596 39% CIS 577 711 1,288 4% EUROPE 3,375 2,990 6,365 20% LATIN AMERICA 1,111 1,399 2,510 8% MIDDLE EAST 1,174 1,187 2,361 7% NORTH AMERICA 2,972 2,572 5,544 17% FREIGHTERS 463 341 804 2% WORLD 15,118 17,467 32,585 100% Table 2: Forecasting Of Airbus Organization (Source: Aung and Chang 2014, pp-180) According to the statistics presented in the above table, it can be said that in the next 20 years, this organization will provide its aviation services will be served to many customers all over the world. People from all over the world can have access to the flying services both physically and economically. From 2015 to 2034, all total 32,600 aircraft products will be delivered to the customers with larger aircraft including A350, A330, and A380. Figure 3: Forecasting Graph (Source: Subramanian and Gunasekaran 2015, pp-220) Supply Chain Metrics Managers of Airbus organization should adopt the supply chain metric process to measure the complexity lies in the sourcing ad management platforms of the company. Figure 4: Supply Chain Metrics (Source: Hou et al. 2014, pp-1175) Supply Chain Metrics is very useful to capture the performance lack across the supply chain. In order to determine the relationship between chain performance and corporate performance, supply chain metrics is very crucial, as it can align the organizational logistic operations with new model implementations (Huang et al. 2014). As a result, company's growth can be increased regarding larger revenue growth. Process Map The upstream and downstream process of Airbus organization is as follows Figure 5: Upstream and Downstream Process of Airbus (Source: Golicic and Davis 2012, pp-180) In the upstream process, the aircraft product manufacturers take the raw materials from the suppliers before delivering it to the customer. In the downstream process, products are properly manufactured to be provided to the customers. Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) After evaluating the current supply chain operation of Airbus organization, implementation of SCRM inside the organization is very necessary to mitigate the challenges from the grass root level (Musa et al. 2012). Figure 5: Supply Chain Risk Management (Source: Abubakar et al. 2012, pp-200) The SCRM model is very helpful to analyze the internal and external constraints in order to improve the undeveloped areas of the organization. At first, the risk is identified, then it is evaluated and at last, some best solutions are found out to mitigate these problems. Conclusion According to the research done on the developmental perspective of the aerospace industry, it is noted that there is a huge growth opportunity for the aerospace industry if the OEMs improve the supply needs for accomplishing the customer needs. On this aspect, new supply chain management model is proposed for Airbus organization to mitigate its internal as well as external challenges. This model can help the organization to provide the best quality of products and services to the customers by reviewing all the marketing and corporate strategies. In turn, this will help to improve the current situation of the organization in an advanced way. References Alfalla-Luque, R., Medina-Lopez, C. and Schrage, H., 2013. A study of supply chain integration in the aeronautics sector.Production Planning Control,24(8-9), pp.769-784. Aung, M.M. and Chang, Y.S., 2014. Traceability in a food supply chain: Safety and quality perspectives.Food control,39, pp.172-184. Fayezi, S., O'Loughlin, A. and Zutshi, A., 2012. Agency theory and supply chain management: a structured literature review.Supply chain management: an international journal,17(5), pp.556-570. Golicic, S.L. and Davis, D.F., 2012. Implementing mixed methods research in supply chain management.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,42(8/9), pp.726-741. Gopalakrishnan, K., Yusuf, Y.Y., Musa, A., Abubakar, T. and Ambursa, H.M., 2012. Sustainable supply chain management: A case study of British Aerospace (BAe) Systems.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.193-203. Handfield, R.B., Cousins, P.D., Lawson, B. and Petersen, K.J., 2015. How Can Supply Management Really Improve Performance? A Knowledge Based Model of Alignment Capabilities.Journal of Supply Chain Management,51(3), pp.3-17. Khajavi, S.H., Partanen, J. and Holmstrm, J., 2014. Additive manufacturing in the spare parts supply chain.Computers in Industry,65(1), pp.50-63. Lavastre, O., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2014. Effect of firm characteristics, supplier relationships and techniques used on supply chain risk management (SCRM): an empirical investigation on French industrial firms.International Journal of Production Research,52(11), pp.3381-3403. Lengnick-Hall, M.L., Lengnick-Hall, C.A. and Rigsbee, C.M., 2013. Strategic human resource management and supply chain orientation.Human Resource Management Review,23(4), pp.366-377. Liu, P., Huang, S.H., Mokasdar, A., Zhou, H. and Hou, L., 2014. The impact of additive manufacturing in the aircraft spare parts supply chain: supply chain operation reference (scor) model based analysis.Production Planning Control,25(13-14), pp.1169-1181. Liu, S., Kasturiratne, D. and Moizer, J., 2012. A hub-and-spoke model for multi-dimensional integration of green marketing and sustainable supply chain management.Industrial Marketing Management,41(4), pp.581-588. Madenas, N., Tiwari, A., Turner, C.J. and Woodward, J., 2014. Information flow in supply chain management: A review across the product lifecycle.CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,7(4), pp.335-346. Martnez-Jurado, P.J. and Moyano-Fuentes, J., 2014. Lean management, supply chain management and sustainability: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, pp.134-150. Mena, C., Humphries, A. and Choi, T.Y., 2013. Toward a Theory of Multi Tier Supply Chain Management.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(2), pp.58-77. Narasimhan, R., Narayanan, S. and Srinivasan, R., 2013. An investigation of justice in supply chain relationships and their performance impact.Journal of Operations Management,31(5), pp.236-247. Subramanian, N. and Gunasekaran, A., 2015. Cleaner supply-chain management practices for twenty-first-century organizational competitiveness: Practice-performance framework and research propositions.International Journal of Production Economics,164, pp.216-233.

Knights of Forty Islands. Boy and the Darkness. Lord from the planet Earth Review Essay Example

Knights of Forty Islands. Boy and the Darkness. Lord from the planet Earth Review Paper Essay on Knights of Forty Islands. Boy and the Darkness. Lord from the planet Earth For each of the books in this collection is necessary to speak separately! Each of them in their genius! Start with (in my opinion) the best product Lukyanenko Knights of forty islands. Foreword to the book is the statement of one of the writer (the name can not remember): Adults always killed the adults, children always killed adults happened that adults killed children, but the children never killed children, they have not gone mad! narrated on behalf of the boy. He enters the world inhabited by the same children. This world is an archipelago composed of forty small islands. On each island the children live! All of them are participants of the terrible game victory in which promises to return home! The game has only one rule you want to win kill! I admit that in the last pages I always weep! The book is written in a unique style Lukyanenko, behind the screen of a fantastic story hiding acute social problems! I recommend to read ALL! Its no secret that this affair has brought the author fame! We will write a custom essay sample on Knights of Forty Islands. Boy and the Darkness. Lord from the planet Earth Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Knights of Forty Islands. Boy and the Darkness. Lord from the planet Earth Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Knights of Forty Islands. Boy and the Darkness. Lord from the planet Earth Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Boy and the Darkness, a novel that is not always true enemy is visible at once, and this other not so easy to find, and even harder to keep! Lord from the planet earth Here everything is easy! Nice to read a novel (space opera as the author calls it) in three acts! The plot is standard for this genre (prostoyparen-love-devushkainoplanetyanka-stranstviyavdrugiemiry-villain pobedanadzlodeem-torzhestvodobra). By reading recommend, but do not decide that all the books written by the author as well! This is clearly not the most powerful of his work, but you can read at your leisure!

Free Essays on War With No Illusions

â€Å"War Without Illusions† Imagine a perfect world. There would be no war, no world hunger, no life taking diseases. Think about waking up and not having to worry about a single thing. Now imagine the total opposite. Living in fear from nuclear warfare, Terrorism, and invasions from other countries. Our lifestyles could mirror this if we do not handle this â€Å"Attack on America† properly. We as a country must think of the consequences of our actions well in advance before jumping into battle against the Middle East. With our country’s emotions running sky high it is very easy for us to wish for a military attack as soon as possible. This sounds sweet and pretty on paper but in reality there is much more we must think about. Invading Afghanistan right now may cause deadly results without the proper research. Bordering countries like Iraq, Iran, and Syria will also be a threat. There are still many of Bin Laden’s men in the U.S. and they are very dangerous. We must first investigate further into the terrorist acts and seek out rest of Bin Laden’s henchmen. If we attack Afghanistan right now, Bin Laden can easily have his men who are living in our country strike again. Once we know the actual location of Mr. Bin Laden, then and only then should we strike. â€Å"Paul Wolfowitz, the deputy secretary of defense said â€Å"ending states who sponsor terrorism† â€Å"War Without Illusions† New York Times 17 Sep 2001 a20. This in my opinion is a great thing to stand by. We should not differentiate from the group who has done this from the country or state that harbors them. This attack was planned to almost perfection and required lots of money. I’m sure there government helped fund this and many other terrorist acts. These countries are our enemies and we should no longer refrain from punishing them. Our allies will play a significant role in winning this war. Help from Russia and Pakistan will play a key role in our... Free Essays on War With No Illusions Free Essays on War With No Illusions â€Å"War Without Illusions† Imagine a perfect world. There would be no war, no world hunger, no life taking diseases. Think about waking up and not having to worry about a single thing. Now imagine the total opposite. Living in fear from nuclear warfare, Terrorism, and invasions from other countries. Our lifestyles could mirror this if we do not handle this â€Å"Attack on America† properly. We as a country must think of the consequences of our actions well in advance before jumping into battle against the Middle East. With our country’s emotions running sky high it is very easy for us to wish for a military attack as soon as possible. This sounds sweet and pretty on paper but in reality there is much more we must think about. Invading Afghanistan right now may cause deadly results without the proper research. Bordering countries like Iraq, Iran, and Syria will also be a threat. There are still many of Bin Laden’s men in the U.S. and they are very dangerous. We must first investigate further into the terrorist acts and seek out rest of Bin Laden’s henchmen. If we attack Afghanistan right now, Bin Laden can easily have his men who are living in our country strike again. Once we know the actual location of Mr. Bin Laden, then and only then should we strike. â€Å"Paul Wolfowitz, the deputy secretary of defense said â€Å"ending states who sponsor terrorism† â€Å"War Without Illusions† New York Times 17 Sep 2001 a20. This in my opinion is a great thing to stand by. We should not differentiate from the group who has done this from the country or state that harbors them. This attack was planned to almost perfection and required lots of money. I’m sure there government helped fund this and many other terrorist acts. These countries are our enemies and we should no longer refrain from punishing them. Our allies will play a significant role in winning this war. Help from Russia and Pakistan will play a key role in our...

America at the Turn of the Century

As America gets closer to the 21st century, we face many challenges as a nation. America has a very strong country. There is something that can maintain the status of the country. A powerful economy is the foundation of the world economy, the United States has very advanced technology, and today dominates the world. These three things are so strong that we will not be so disappointed. At the turn of the century America is one of the best original places. Due to the rapid growth of technology and industry, the government and most citizens are not ready to deal with that effect. The combination of philosophy like Laissez Fair and social Darwinism has created the United States with little concern for oppressed people. Ultimate citizens, ordinary people like you and me condemn these conditions and changes in demand. The necessity of change and progress is called a progressive era Perhaps at the turn of the century, one of the most romantic images of America is Wild West. One of the most famous images of the wild west is the advocate of the cowboy, the American border. The American cowboy has become an architectural image of merchants and literature, and in recent years it is an image of the reconstruction of contemporary historians. Merchants and literature showed a very beautiful view of American cowboys, which encouraged bovine farming and the development of new railroads and offered imagination to Americans. In order to clarify the inaccuracies of these myths of the cowboy, modern historians emphasized the more dull and difficult aspects of the cowboy's life. Both sides borrowed the evidence of the fact, but both speech has mythical evidence. In his book on American Jewish immigration at the turn of the century, the time described by our father 's world Owen Ho does not sound obsolete. Howe said migrant workers remembered adolescence in Russia: How can I explain it ... When we talked about Dostoyevski, did we share excitement? In America, only young people You c an choose movies, music, art and dance, only God knows.

Luis Valdez and El Teatro Campesino Research Paper

Luis Valdez and El Teatro Campesino - Research Paper Example Valdez was raised in a family of farmworkers who were migrants in the lands of caucasian Americans. He grew up in Delano, California and was exposed to farm work at a young age. He was well educated, despite the fact that his parents were in frequent travels. He finished college and went on to see labor unions and their struggles in a stranger country (Elam Jr. 3). In 1965, he started to participate in a strike organized by a union of farmers called the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (Elam Jr. 3). He was an apprentice then at the San Francisco Mime Troupe when he convinced leaders of the labor union to create a theater company of their own (Elam Jr. 3). He was successful in convincing UFWOC leaders and staged various plays that expressed the sentiments of the union as well as a cultural expression of Chicanos as a minority group. Themes of the play involved struggles of Mexican farmers, meager income in farm work, among others (Elam Jr. 3). In 1965, Valdez founded El Teatro Campesino, which was worldly-renowned (Huerta 69). Actors who were part of his newly-organized theater group were farmers, who were eager to expose the injustices they suffered in the fields while actively urging other farmers to join their cause, too (Huerta 69). Two years later, Valdez’s theater group abandoned the common portrayal of agricultural issues and began to explore other issues concerning the Chicanos or the Mexicans (Huerta 70). Valdez separated from the union because of the need to improve his craft in terms of standards in an effective theater play. El Teatro Campesino still graced farmers’ invitations to perform during union strikes, but also did portrayals of other worthy issues such as the American educational system and the status of the Chicanos in the particular sector (Huerta 70). The Education System. Valdez created plays that depict his criticisms against the American educational system. No Saco Nada de la Escuel a or He Didn’t Get Anything from School depicts how the education system forced the Americans’ dominant culture into the minds of cultural minorities such as the Chicanos (Valdez 66). Through that play, Valdez was able to convey his message of his opposition against the imposition of the English language as a medium of instruction in class, while discrimination against non-English speakers continued (Valdez 70-71). Murillo, Jr. et al. described language as a symbol of one’s identity; it is the â€Å"blood of the soul into which thoughts run and out of which they grow† (19). Thus, Valdez believed that it is not an easy transition for students who were born and raised with the Spanish language as the mother tongue (66). Moreover, No Saco Nada de la Escuela portrayed how Valdez sees the American education system as a venue for bullying, and the toleration of it among Latino students. English was portrayed as the key to communication, the eradication of discr imination, and the perfect way to pass. Latinos in the Education System: 1950s to 1970s During the 1950s up until the 1960s, only few Mexican students successfully finished high school (I. Lopez 16-17), especially in schools located in Los Angeles. According to Lopez, the quality of education can be considered as the â€Å"

St. George and Deerfield Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

St. George and Deerfield - Essay Example I respect everyone and listen to others peoples’ viewpoints carefully. Work has always been my first priority. I do not let my mind and attention deviate when I am determined to accomplish some task. I am not the one who keeps a bunch of incomplete or late works in his/her bag. When I plan to achieve something, I achieve it. Many people think that it is very challenging to achieve everything that you are trying for, but my hard work and strong will have always brought me success. Moreover, I am able to learn new skills quickly. For example, once at school, I had to perform in a concert and I had a very little amount of time to prepare because of my academic works. However, I was able to manage my academic works and prepare for the concert in a very short span of time because of my time management skills. In this part of the paper, I will talk about my job interest, family, and vision. I have always wanted to do such job, which should provide me the opportunity to explore different cultures and countries. I am interested in excavating ancient ruins in countries or places that are not well known. I want to explore ancient cultures and traditions. I am very interested in studying human behaviors of ancient times. I want to play my role in finding new history, culture, and ancient ruins in countries that are very poor and underdeveloped but have valuable history or unique culture. My family, particularly my parents, has always been a source of inspiration for me. My parents have always supported me in every matter of my life. They have played a great role in developing my interest in archeology. I am very fond of traveling. Travel enables me to broaden my vision, get hope, and dream for my future. Travel also helps me find new aspects of different cultures and explore the roots of ancient traditions. When I was in 5th grade, my family and I made a travel to Egypt. The travel helped me develop my interest in ancient history and in

The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant Essay Example for Free

The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant Essay In The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant, the main character, Mathilde, fails to realise that happiness comes from within. Mathilde borrows a necklace from her friend in order to go to a fancy ball with her husband. She manages to lose her necklace, with disastrous consequences. Mathilde needed to appreciate what she had and learn that people are charmed by personality. In order to be happy, people have to learn to appreciate what they have. Madame Loisel had a good life. She had a loving husband and a servant to help her run the house. However she was not happy. She yearned for a privileged life. It was only when she lost everything and came to know the life of abject poverty, did she realise, how little is needed to ruin or save. People arent necessarily impressed by appearance or possessions, but rather personality. When her husband gave her the invite to the ball, Mathilde upset. She had no clothes or jewels to wear to such an affair. She thought that the guests at the ball would not be charmed by her ordinary clothes. However, when she reached the ball all of the guests were enchanted by her happiness! She was the prettiest woman at present, graceful, smiling and quite above herself with happiness. Remembering and celebrating happy memories is all you need to be happy. When Mathilde came home from the ball, she was upset, disappointed and sad. It was over. She would never see such riches again. What Mathilde forgot to do though, was to celebrate those happy memories she held from that spectacular night, but sadly it ended to soon for Mathilde, and sadly they walked up to their own apartment. It was the end, for her. Later in her life when she was reduced to a life of poverty, Mathilde realised and cherished the importance of happy memories, shethought of that evening long ago Mathilde had a loving husband, a comfortable home and a wonderful servant to help her. Yet all she was interested in was possessions. This had the effect of not appreciating what she had, forgetting to celebrate good times and not focussing on what is important, your inner self.

Opiates And The Law Essay -- essays research papers fc

Opiates And The Law   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illicit drug use and the debate surrounding the various legal options available to the government in an effort to curtail it is nothing new to America. Since the enactment of the Harrison Narcotic Act in 1914 (Erowid) the public has struggled with how to effectively deal with this phenomena, from catching individual users to deciding what to do with those who are convicted (DEA). Complicating the issue further is the ever-expanding list of substances available for abuse. Some are concocted in basements or bathtubs by drug addicts themselves, some in the labs of multinational pharmaceutical companies, and still others are just old compounds waiting for society to discover them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost overnight one such venerable substance (or class of substances) has been catapulted into the national spotlight: prescription painkillers, namely those derived from the opium poppy. This class of analgesic encompasses everything from the codeine in prescription cough syrup to the morphine used in the management of sever pain. These compounds are commonly referred to as opiates and are produced naturally by the poppy. The sub-class of this type that has gotten all of the attention recently is the opioids, which are semi-synthetic compounds derived from the opiates (Wade 846). Opioids were developed for a variety of reasons, such as reducing the cost of production (morphine is expensive to synthesize) and attempting to reduce the addictiveness of the drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And addictive they are. Heroin is perhaps the best-known opioid around, and arguably one of the most addictive substances known to man. Opiates and opioids (hereafter generically referred to as opioids) function by attaching to receptor sites in the body called mu-receptors, which are primarily located in the brain and the digestive system. When these receptors are activated in the brain they produce a rush of euphoria and a groggy state of well being (it is interesting to note that studies have shown that this action does not eliminate the pain one is feeling, but merely changes ones’ perception of it) (Kalb). The body quickly becomes tolerant of this, however, and abuse frequently follows a steep dosage curve requiring that more and more of the drug be taken to produce the same effect. Long-term abusers develop... ...keep them from indulging their habit. The truth of the matter is no one change or modification to existing policy will have much effect if any, on the current state of affairs. It isn’t enough to ban drugs, we must work to understand their allure and the intricate mechanisms in our brains and in our psychology that make some of us too weak to resist the temptation. Only with this sort of concentrated effort will we see any progress. Works Cited Erowid Psychoactive Vaults. Home Page. 6 April 2001. . Kalb, Claudia. â€Å"Playing With Painkillers.† Newsweek 9 April 2001: 45-47. Richwine, Lisa. â€Å"US Launches Fight Against Prescription Drug Abuse.† YahooNews. 10 April 2001 . Rosenberg, Debra. â€Å"How One Town Got Hooked.† Newsweek. 9 April 2001: 48-51. Sacco, Vincent F, and Kennedy, Leslie W. The Criminal Event. New York: Wadsworth, 1996. United States Drug Enforcement Agency. Home Page. 6 April 2001. . Wade, L.G. Jr. Organic Chemistry. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999: 846-847.

From the Madding Crowd Essay

† However, when he first met Bathsheba he called her names like ‘lady’ and ‘miss. ‘ The way that Troy treats Fanny after his relationship with Bathsheba shows that in retrospect, Troy did in some ways love Fanny. Ironically, we see this the most after Fanny’s death when Troy gets a tombstone for Fanny and plants flowers on her grave, but the fact that the water from the gargoyle could wash away the flowers so easily, could signify how fickle Troy is and how easily his affections for Fanny were also ‘washed away’. Earlier on in the novel when Fanny comes to see Troy at the barracks, Troy does not realise that it is Fanny, his fianci standing outside his window: â€Å"5What girl are you? â€Å", He â€Å"6doesn’t quite recollect† that he promised Fanny they would marry, even though he said lots of times that he would marry her. This shows how he doesn’t think of the penalty of his words. Fanny’s terrible relationship with Troy could have been used to predict the consequences of his relationship with Bathsheba. Similarly, the fact that in the few times that Fanny appears in the novel, she is in a gloomy and dreary atmosphere which was dooming her to death with descriptions like â€Å"7A heavy unbroken crust of cloud stretched across the sky, shutting out every speck of heaven;†. Her appearance in these depressing environments was a prediction to her passing away. Secondly, she is used to show the true nature of Troy’s character, and highlight this as he is in a relationship with Bathsheba until Bathsheba herself realizes Troy’s true nature in finding Fanny. Once her role has been fulfilled for Hardy, he kills her off because she has reached the character’s limitation and isn’t needed in the story any more. This same meeting also exposes Troy’s cowardice and shallowness, and is a turning point in the novel, as if he had at this point admitted to Bathsheba his connection with Fanny or even that this woman was Fanny Robin, Bathsheba’s missing servant, then Fanny’s death and the following events could have been avoided. Thirdly, Fanny is also involved with the character of Gabriel Oak and brought his character out in the way Fanny borrows money of him and Gabriel gives it to her, she brings out generosity in him and that he is caring. Hardy then shows Gabriel to be kind from the heart to the character Fanny and others when he rubs off ‘and child’ off the coffin lid, this is so we can see that Gabriel cares about Bathsheba being happy with Troy and tries to protect her from the truth. Her life is controlled by fate and chance and this shows how her function for Hardy extends beyond the plot and the development of other characters. Fate plays a big part and is a key part of the storyline in the role of Far From the Madding Crowd’. The first time she is included as a fate icon is when Boldwood reads Fanny’s letter but it was intended for Gabriel this fate causes a description of Troy and the bringing together of the two rivals over Bathsheba, who are Gabriel and Boldwood but don’t realize they are both in love with the same person. It is also fate that Fanny confuses the two churches so Troy doesn’t marry her and it is by chance that she meets him outside the church and he reply’s to her plead to forgive her with ‘You fool, for so fooling me! But say no more. ‘ But if he really loved her he would forgive her. Once again there is more fate involved with the character Fanny Robin where Troy has been looking for Fanny but re-encounters her when it’s too late and Troy has married Bathsheba. The chance has been enrolled in Fanny’s role, this is when Troy keeps a lock of Fanny’s hair and Bathsheba finds it by chance and she gets jealous, this causes extreme arguments between Bathsheba and Troy and gives Bathsheba a clue to Fanny’s identity. Hardy seems to evoke pity when he describes Fanny’s last journey (her death from child birth) with a description of a hostile background and a dog that is helping her, this is her only friend but even that gets stoned off and adds more pity to fanny’s case. Her death is also to go with the contrast of a melodramatic death of troy. The irony to her death is that she has more effect on the characters than when she was alive. Fanny Robin has a minor role in the novel ‘Far From the Madding Crowd’ however the sense cannot be said about the significance of the character Fanny Robin. The reason for why Hardy introduced this character is to have impact on various main characters. She is a pivot in the novel and she causes the main key storyline changes. Yet she has a deeper role in the novel as a symbol for Hardy’s statement about the 19th century men and how they treated the working class girls. It is only when the question â€Å"What is the significance of the character, Fanny Robin in the novel â€Å"Far From the Madding Crowd? † is viewed from a variety of angles that there is a true answer presented. If Fanny were not in the novel, it would be more difficult for Hardy to emphasise the discrimination against women at the time, as well as creating tension and suspense in the plot and highlighting the true nature of other characters, especially Troy. Therefore, a reader would not be as aware of the irony surrounding her role and so would not realise how her presence in the novel helped Hardy to show all these parts. 1 Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd Penguin Publications, 1985, (Page 135) 2 Ibid, (Page 54 – 55) 3 Ibid, (Page 336) 4 Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd Penguin Publications, 1985, (Page 366) 5 Ibid, (Page 137) 6 Ibid, (Page 137) 7 Ibid, (Page 322 ) 1 Jordan Daniels 11. 5 Matthew Moss high School.

Accountability, Uniformity and Time Management

Accountability doesn't just mean showing up on time. It means responsibility. It means that if i fail my small part of the mission (to be on time), i must be held liable for my failure. Accountability also reflects the responsibility the unit has over each and every person in the unit. Everyone is required to report for duty so that the commander can verify that he/she has all the unit personnel accounted for.If i don't show up and nobody notices, the commander reports 100% accountability, but no one notices that i am not physically accounted for, they may find me some time later and be uncertain of what to think because they did not know i was not physically present, which puts the unit and the unit commander at risk for some evasive action. if there are times that i must be late then i should inform someone so that i can be accounted for. Which could also tie in with uniformity.What is the importance of uniformity, dress right dress, and discipline in the army? the importance of un iformity is to make everyone become and look equal. there are no differences between us, no separation because we are all a team. what is the point of uniformity, when a whole platoon is uniformed it shows accountability, responsibility, discipline and being in uniform is one of the things that is part of the foundation of the army. Without uniformity there cannot be discipline, and then it turns into a chain reaction and destroying the foundation of the army. being in uniformity shows soldiers how they can do things together and how working together, we as people can do anything we want to accomplish. it also teaches soldiers that uniformity also shows responsibility that when things are disorganized nothing ever gets done, but when there are no differences holding back from completing the mission anything can be done 110%. Everything needs discipline in order to be successful and uniformity, not only in dress code allows for working in harmony to get things done right and in a timely manner. Speaking of timeliness, personal time management skills are essential for professional success in any workplace. Those able to successfully implement time management strategies are able to control their workload rather than spend each day in a frenzy of activity reacting to crisis after crisis – stress declines and personal productivity soars! These highly effective individuals are able to focus on the tasks with the greatest impact to them and to the organization, which help to make them more successful in the end then those who have poor time management skills. In writing this essay the importance and purpose of these three words have become clearer to me. We need accountability, uniformity and time management in everything we do in order to be successful and efficient in all things we undergo. Read also: Time Management

Getting Chills from Pacific Heights essays

Getting Chills from Pacific Heights essays Getting Chills From Pacific Heights Thrills Suspense films dish out edge-of-your-seat anxiety with nail biting anticipation to the audience by making them feel as though they were part of the experience instead of a mere spectator. Pacific Heights, directed by John Schlesinger, may have been more dramatic than suspenseful but it definitely delivered enough of both to keep the audience intrigued and thirsting for more. Men make all decisions, are never wrong, and can remain rational in any situation while women are submissive, wear skirts and cater to their husbands every whim, but not in Pacific Heights. Melanie Griffith plays Patty, Drakes girlfriend, and from the beginning is shown to be the dominant of the two, making a role reversal of the sexes imminent. Patty literally wears the pants in the relationship and shows it in every way. She takes care of any jam the couple gets into and never loses her cool in their times of crisis, even when she comes face to face with their tenant from hell, Carter Hayes. Patty is the definite heroin of the film by not only slaying the demon Hayes, but by also using her head and screwing him over and regaining Drakes identity and money. Carter Hayes is by far the best villain ever. Hes manipulative, conniving, cunning, and so good at it. He lies to everyone, but somehow no one realizes it and he goes on his scheming way. Add to this, Carter, played by Michael Keaton, yes Beetlejuice himself, with his devilish smile and narrow eyes to produce the best villainous face since Jack Nicholson in The Shining. If the role reversal between Drake and Patty or the constant turbulence with Carters residency werent enough to keep the audi...

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HOSPITALITY - Essay Example For instance, in this paper, Australia intends to use the pop-up restaurant in promoting the countries hospitality through displaying the native products as well as skills. The theme of the trade fairs as planned by the government of Australia is to win more traders to the country through which Australia intends to have more businesses generated at the international front. Through the trade fairs, Australia intends to generate international media coverage through which the country will be positioned with the market orientation of a sophisticated cosmopolitan country, which has also a very strong economy. Hospitality industry has therefore been the choice by the government to have this objective realized within her trading partners and beyond. The main characteristic feature of using the pop-up restaurants is the ease of using social media as a tool for communication, ordering and placing reservations or better still keep a constant follow-up of these restaurants in terms of relocatio n. The concept of a pop-up restaurant as adopted by the government of Australia will serve as a distinct event itself running from the midmorning hours (at eleven in the morning) to ten at night for the days running from Wednesday to Sunday. It will display different recipes for the country’s hospitality industry and will run on a capacity of sixty persons served on a first come first served basis. Only currency in form of cash as well as checks will be in use to purchase the services. For the ease of convenience, the pop-up restaurants will adopt the system of no-reservation as guests will be served through a communal style dining room and thus the first come first serve basis of serving is preferred. The retail hospitality exhibition will be set off through a well organized cultural night which will be useful in informing the guest of the

History Of Black Tea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History Of Black Tea - Essay Example As compared to the other oxidized teas, black tea is much stronger and contains more caffeine. There are two varieties of species, which are used in the black tea. One is the small-leaved Chinese variety plant, which is also used for the green and white plants. The other variety is the large-leaved Assamese plant. This type was only used traditionally for the Black Tea. Black tea is known as ‘Crimson Tea’, in Chinese and other languages influenced by Chinese. The name itself suggests a more accurate color of the liquid. In the ‘West’ when we talk about black tea, it mostly refers to tea without milk or cream, similar to the coffee that is served without milk. In ‘Chinese’, however black tea is regarded as Pu-erh, which is a common classification of post-fermented teas. Black tea retains its flavor for several years, unlike the green tea which loses it in a years’ time. Due to its retention of flavor, black tea has remained an article of trade. Moreover, black tea which is compressed into brick form is used as a form of de-facto currency in Mongolia, Tibet, and Siberia around the 19th century. Initially, when the tea was imported to Europe, it was either green or semi-oxidized. It was in the 19th century that black tea gained popularity, and people started preferring it over green tea. Despite the fact that green tea has its own health benefits, over 90 percent of the population in the west consume black tea (Tea Scapes n.p). Black tea is famously known as Red Tea in China.

Compare and contrast two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and contrast two poems - Essay Example pen rests; as snug as a gun.† (Bloom, 1986) Heaney begins his poem by describing the ‘pen’ which symbolizes the essential instrument for writers. Further the pen is compared to a gun. A gun represents power; so does the pen which enables expression of emotions and thoughts. It is said that the pen is mightier than the sword. A gun is associated with the idea of destruction and suffering. The media in the present world can either make you or break you which prove that the pen can annihilate like the gun, but, the pen can also elevate and one can soar to great heights. ‘Digging’ enhances the idea of the ‘self’ wherein the narrative voice is first person narration as portrayed in the line, â€Å"between my finger and my thumb’. (Bloom, 1986) Plath on the hand begins on a negative note that portrays doubt and depression, â€Å"You do not do, you do not do, Any more, black shoe, In which I have lived like a foot, For thirty years, poor and white, Barely daring to breathe or Achoo†. A total sense of anxiety and bereavement sets the mood and tone of the poem. Further the title ‘Daddy’ reveals the fact that Plath’s emotional stability was stunted and this has lead to her feeling like an abandoned child. Further, words such as ‘black shoe’, ‘Achoo’, exhibit the frightened mental state of the child thus portraying dependence on the father figure she wanted but could never have. Plath is seeking self-realization and control from the aftermath of her father’s death. (Jean, 1984) The similarity between Plath and Heaney is that in the second stanza the father figure is established and explored. As witnessed in Heaney â€Å"Under my window a clean rasping sound, When the spade sinks into gravelly ground: My father, digging. I look down† and in Plath â€Å"Daddy, I have had to kill you. You died before I had time--- Marble-heavy, a bag full of God, Ghastly statue with one grey toe Big as a Frisco seal† the contrast found here is that Heaney portrays

Social Problems Work Essay Example for Free

Social Problems Work Essay When referring to social problems, society generally looks at them from a larger objective or standpoint. The problem is going to include some typified examples, general terms that are associated with the problem, and statistics created in the claimsmaking process. This macrosociological approach relies on what the media has portrayed the problem to be. It is the job of social problems work to narrowly tailor aspects of a social problem in order to attempt to solve or address it in a practical and immediate manner (Best 227). Best explains that social problems workers, such as doctors and teachers, have encountered stereotypes of their roles that require them to perform grand feats but they work in highly regulated systems and industries. Bureaucratic procedures make it difficult for the workers to effect change directly. This also leads to varied amounts personal discretion that social problem workers possess. Since social problems work is narrowly tailored, specific individuals receive personal attention. These cases can be a doctor and patient’s interaction, a teacher’s conversation with their student, or a police officer’s interaction with a citizen who has made a call. When they are trying to make accurate assessments of each case, the social problems workers have to ask themselves questions like â€Å"What seems to be the problem Which aspects of the case are relevant†¦ Does this seem to be a serious matter†¦ What is the nature of the subject†¦ Are other people watching†¦ Are there work-related considerations†¦? (Best 236-239). Because the nature of their work can be so sensitive, social problems workers find that they are caught in the middle or blamed for the outcome or consequences from their work. As expected, social problems workers expect for the subjects to cooperate with their plan of action in order to help eliminate their issues, but when they do not, the workers are left to deal with the consequences. â€Å"Social problems worker try to control the flow of information about their activities. They generally prefer that others learn about the work they do directly from them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in order to prevent the possibility of information being distorted by media outlets looking to portray their work in a certain way (Best 248). Some social problems workers go the extreme and tamper with the information they submit to reporting agencies to ensure that they are seen in the best possible light. They are able to get away with this because there are many situations in which workers are required to use their own personal discretion with out having to defer power to their supervisors or bosses until afterwards. Social problems workers are required to bring larger, abstract problems to a personal, more detailed level. Doing this can benefit certain claims by bringing an actual face and story to a social problem. It does not only create the perfect victim, but it gives a face and a personal account of how the social problem has directly affected their life or wellbeing. Activist as claims makers would benefit from using social problems workers, their subjects, and cases as a method to personify their claim. Experts as claims makers would only be able to capitalize off of social problems work by using the possibly skewed data and statistics they provide in order to give an overall picture. By looking at individual workers and cases, there is a chance they can encounter a unique situation that is not consistent with the data or point they are trying to make. In lecture, we discussed the need for claims makers to not only have statistical and concrete information to prove and advance their claim, but the need for the public to be able to relate to it and see how is also affects them or their loved ones. If it does not, there will be no reason for them to want to support the cause. Social problems work is an ideal way for this to be done because it finds a medium between expert testimony and activists. Many people have interactions with social problems workers, so it is easy for them to bring up their concerns with a particular problem and see how and if they can help or are at risk. For example, child abuse is a social issue that draws attention because of the underage status of its victims. People see children as helpless and in need of a nurturing guardian. Any adult can as a police officer, doctor, or teacher what resources are available to serve as a safe haven for abused children. I feel as though the media and social problems workers have made efforts to use each other for their own gain and benefit. Various media outlets can call upon social problems workers to boost their ratings by bring sensationalized stories and cases. This is used to play on the emotions of the public and â€Å"guilt† them into advancing their cause. This can be seen with infomercials regarding poor children in â€Å"third world countries†, children with cancer, and animal abuse advocates. Organizations like Feed The Children use images of celebrities or former government officials next to images of poverty stricken, starving children. Viewers are made to feel guilty because they are told that the amount of money they use on their daily coffee can provide essentials for that child. Once the viewer has made the connection between how much their Starbucks cost and the idea that their child does not have to live that life, they are then compelled to donate to the organization. The social problems worker in the commercial has been used a pawn for donations and ratings. Similarly, hospitals that specifically cater to children with terminal illness show individual cases of these children and their doctors. Sometimes their parents explain that their child would have not survived without the donations from viewers because the hospital does not charge for their services. The doctors also add their perspective as to how much their procedures would have cost. After they have explained the financial aspect of the individual child’s care, they then proceed to use the medical terminology for their condition with images of young children attached to massive hospital equipment. After watching the commercial and listening to the doctors, the public generally assumes that they are correct and donates to the organization. The media does this as well with animal abuse advocates. They show footage of domestic pets with lesions and injuries. Viewers are led to assume that they came from their owners. While the intentions of social problems workers are usually genuine, they are put on display on these commercials for the benefit of the organization and the network airing it, not necessarily the actual social problem or those affected by it. Social problems workers have the hard task of doing their jobs and helping their subjects in their particular cases. This is a difficult task because of the bureaucratic red tape and policies that they work through. For them to try to solve an entire social problem by themselves would be an endless task, especially due to the added consequences and stresses from the general nature of their work. This can lead to embellishments in their actual efficiency and a lackadaisical attitude towards the issue entirely. Different types of claims makers have attempted to use social problems workers to benefit them and not the entire problem, but despite this, their social problems worker and those they come in contact with are an invaluable aspect to ridding society of the issue in its entirety.

Cindy Sherman Artist Biography

Cindy Sherman Artist Biography No other artist has ever made as extended or complex career of presenting herself to the camera as has Cindy Sherman. Yet, while all of her photographs are taken of Cindy Sherman, it is impossible to class call her works self-portraits. She has transformed and staged herself into as unnamed actresses in undefined B movies, make-believe television characters, pretend porn stars, undifferentiated young women in ambivalent emotional states, fashion mannequins, monsters form fairly tales and those which she has created, bodies with deformities, and numbers of grotesqueries. Her work as been praised and embraced by both feminist political groups and apolitical mainstream art. Essentially, Shermans photography is part of the culture and investigation of sexual and racial identity within the visual arts since the 1970s. It has been said that, The bulk of her workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has been constructed as a theater of femininity as it is formed and informed by mass culture (her) pictures insist on the aporia of feminine identity tout court, represented in her pictures as a potentially limitless range of masquerades, roles, projections (Sobieszek 229). Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Cindy Sherman grew up in suburban Huntington Beach on Long Island, the youngest of five children and had a regular American childhood. She was very self-involved, found of costumes, and given to spending hours at the mirror, playing with makeup (Schjeldahl 7). Cindy Sherman attended the state University College at Buffalo, New York, where she first started to create art in the medium of painting. During her college years, she painted self-portraits and realistic copies of images that she saw in photographs and magazines. Yet, she became less, and less interested in painting and became increasingly interested in conceptual, minimal, performance, body art, and film alternatives (Sherman 5). Shermans very first introductory photography class in college was a complete failure for she had difficulties with the technological aspects of making a print. After her disastrous first attempt in photography, Sherman discovered Contemporary Art, which had a profound and lasting effect on the rest of her artistic career (Thames and Hudson 1). Shermans first assignment in her photography class was to photograph something which gave her a problem, thus, Sherman chose to photograph her self naked. While this was difficult, she learned that having an idea was the most important factor in creating her art, not so much the technique that she used. While she was talented at copying with pencils and paints, this artistic method would not allow Sherman to express herself personally. But with a camera, Sherman could use her body as a tool (Sills 64). The young artist became fascinated by the way any image at all, simply being presented, activates a mysterious charge-neither subjective nor objective, but of both (Schjeldahl 7). In college, Sherman became active in the local avant-garde scene, the liveliest of two decades, and especially in Hallwalls, an artist-run alternative exhibition space (Heller 223). In 1975, while still attending college, Cindy She rman created her first series of five photographs entitled, Untitled A-E. Within these first photographs, Sherman attempts to alter her face with makeup and hats, attempting to take on different personas, such as a little girl in Untitled D, and a clown in Untitled A (Thames and Hudson 2). This first series is Shermans first attempt of documenting transformation. The Curator Linda Cathcart, saw the pictures at Hallwalls and put them at the Albright Knox Art Gallery (Heller 225). Because Sherman had such vivid imagination and became fascinated with self-transformation, Sherman often bought vintage clothes and accessories from thrift stores, which helped her to form and create different characters. So it just grew and grew until I was buying and collecting more and more of these things, and suddenly the characters came together just because I had so much of the detritus from them (Thames and Hudson 2 ). Sherman went even as far as wearing the costumes and dressing as different charact ers to gallery openings and events in Buffalo. She wore these costumes because she wanted to see how far she how transformed she could look (Haller 225). Yet, Sherman never considered dressing up for performance purposes because she was not maintaining a character but simply getting dressed up to go out (Thames and Hudson 2). Cindy Sherman began her famous series of Untitled Film Series at the end of 1977. The small black and white photographs are of Sherman impersonating female character types from old B grade movies, which speak to a generation of baby boomer women who had grown up absorbing these glamorous images ay home on their televisions, taking such portrayals as cues for their future (Thames and Hudson 1). Upon graduation of college in 1977, Cindy Sherman and her fellow student Robert Longo moved to Manhattan, New York together. She continued with her interest in role-playing and dressing up as different characters, and began to photograph herself in these different guises among different locations such as her apartment Untitled Film Still #10, in the Southwest in Untitled Film Still #43, and in Long Island in Untitled Film Still # 9. Shermans manipulation of lighting, makeup, and dress make it difficult to believe that all of the characters represented were indeed the same person (Heller 225). A ll of the portraits are of her but none of the works are in any way a self-portrait of Sherman. They are portraits of an identity that Sherman shares with every female who thinks of her life in the way of a cheap movie. For this reason alone, is why her work has been looked at for special by feminist who hold the view that women do not hold theories, but tell stories. In the stills it is important to get a deep and true understanding that her use of photography is more integral to the performance then a photographic record of what took place. (Danto 10-11). Each of the stills is about the girl in trouble, but in the aggregate they touch the myth we each carry out of childhood, of danger, love, and security that defines the human condition. Desire mixed with nostalgia fuels the allure of the Untitled Film Stills-desire for the woman depicted as well as desire to be that woman, during that time (Thames and Hudson 4). Sherman said that the last thing she wanted her pictures to have was emotion. The still only provided a framework through which her deeper artistic impulses found expression (Danto 9). She was most interested in what a character was like when they were completely emotionless (Sherman 8). These black and white photographs were purposely grainy because Sherman wanted them to look like cheap publicity shots. While, Sherman takes most of her own photographs using a remote shutter-release, some of her pictures are also taken by her family and friends. This Untitled Film Series was first exhibited in 1995, in the Hirshborn Museum of Washington D.C. In each of the photographs, Sherman is depicted alone, As a familiar but unidentifiable film heroine in an appropriate setting (Thames and Hudson 2). Some of the many characters depicted are of a perky B-movie librarian in Untitled Film Still #13; a voluptuous lower-class women from an Italian neo-realist film in Untitled Film still #35; and a young secretary in the city Untitled Film Still # 21 (Thames and Hud son 2). In terms of the untitled film still #35 and Untitled Film still #15, both depict Sherman as a seductress, Sherman says To pick a character like that was about my own ambivalence about sexuality-growing up with the woman role models that I had, and a lot of them in films, that were like that character, and yet you were supposed to be a good girl (Thames and Hudson 2). Sherman encourages the viewers participation in constructing their own narratives of her Untitled Film Still #10, Untitled Film Still # 14, and Untitled Film Still #65 (Thames and Hudson 3) Sherman created sixty-nine photographs in total, presenting her works in an array of types. According to Judith Williamson, force upon the viewers that elision of image and identity which women experience all the timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Thames and Hudson 3). Cindy Shermans Untitled Film Stills are also seen as related to feminist performance work of the 1970s by artists such as Adrian Piper and Eleanor Antin. Sherman is also noted as being heavily influenced by these artists. The Untitled Film Series are not only photographic records of performance but performative accounts of filmic images (Thames and Hudson 4). Sherman ended her sixty-nine photograph scenes in 1980, when she began to realize that she was duplicating previously used characters, clichà ©s, and stereotypes. Cindy Shermans next series or collection of photographs was her first working color called the Rear Screen Projections, which exude the artifice of a television show. With her increasing desire to work at home, Sherman created her photographs in front of a projected screen, which she projected slides of outdoor and indoor scenes. Viewing the photographs one can obviously tell that the background is fake. The very realistic and sometimes quite closely cropped images of Sherman contrast with the blurry and substantial settings, heightening the artifice of the entire scene (Thames and Hudson 5). Her second series concentrates on the 1960s and 1970s rather then the 1950s depicted in the Untitled Film Series. Rather then female victims, the Rear Screen Projections depict women who are confident and independent, usually youthful, middle-class women in the real world. The characters of the Rear Screen Projections are best identified as being counterparts of women in the media of the 1970s s uch as Mary Richards character in The Mary Tyler Moore television series (Thames and Hudson 5). In 1981, after creating a portfolio of images for an issue of Artforum, Sherman became inspired by the magazines horizontal format and produced a series of works that refer to the photo spreads in photographic magazines. This is said to be Shermans first mature work. These large photographs are in color, are cropped and close-up with each image depicting a young woman looking off to the side with a vacant and vulnerable look. She keeps background details to a minimum allowing the attention to be drawn to the figure. Shermans horizontals suggest a profound transgression against form. Within these pictures have there is no coherent point of view (Sobieszek, 25). When Sherman showed this series, she was criticized by some for having created women that reaffirm sexist stereotypes, therefore Artforum rejecting this series. Critics have found Untitled #93 as the most suggestive of all her works. This photograph shows a woman with messy hair and smudged makeup in bed covering her eyes, whil e looking toward the light that shines in her eyes. Although Sherman has stated that She was imagining someone who had just come home in the early morning from being out partying all night, and the sun wakes her shortly after she has gone to bed (Thames and Hudson 6). Critics on the other hand have read this photograph as a rape portrayal. Misreading of the centerfolds became very common because people tried to create stories from them, discovering hidden meanings where none were present (Schjeldahl 9). Much like her earlier works, the centerfolds mimic and repeat mass media modes. In the Pink Robe series, Sherman uses herself once again to imitate the stance of porno models, choosing to pose only in a pink chenille bathrobe. This series conveys a state of loveless intimacy, intimacy without understanding or personal tenderness (Schjeldahl 10). In this series, Sherman responds to the criticism of the centerfold series, and switches to a vertical format in order to do away with the vulnerability of the characters. Yet, the Pink Robe Series is just a continuation of the Centerfold series because Sherman thinks of these images as depiction of the porno model during breaks between posing for nude shots (Thames and Hudson 7). Sherman sits in front of the camera deciding to appear as un-sexy and without makeup or wigs, staring directly toward the viewer. Many critics interpret this series as the real Cindy and most revealing of all of her photographs (Thames and Hudson 7). Sherman has produced four groups of works that quote from fashion photography. In Shermans fashion series, she reminds the viewer that that fashion allows us to create and display a wide range of appearances as if we each possessed a wide range of identities (Sobieszek, 253). Her first fashion series was commissioned in 1983 for a spread in Interview magazine. Provided with designer clothes such as Jean-Paul Gaultier, Sherman undoubtedly provided an antithesis of a glamour ads. The models look silly but utterly delighted in their high fashion frocks. Her second commissioned fashion photographs are even more bizarre from the previous works, with the models looking dejected in Untitled #137, exaggeratedly wrinkled in Untitled #132, and even homicidal in Untitled #138. It appears inevitable that Sherman would be drawn to fashion spreads because fashion is yet another means of masquerade for women, and ads for clothing promise to convert the buyer into a more perfect version of herself ( Thames and Hudson 8). Like all advertisements, fashion photographs manufacture a desire in a woman that could never be filled. Sherman uses her fashion photographs to undermine the desirability of such images by emphasizing their manipulating nature (Thames and Hudson 8). In the fairy tales and monster series, Sherman reminds us of the monsters from childhood memories and may be suggesting through these photographs that everyone harbors a secret, repressed self that can shift form and shape at will (Sobieszek, 253). The undercurrent turned, rather startling in the 1980s into a torrent of gore and rage when she switched to using a larger format and often lurid colors, and to concocting increasingly horrific and surreal images (Kimmelman 142). These images represent a time in her career when her images truly become strange and surreal. These photographs are unusual not only because of their horrific images, but also because a viewer is unaccustomed to seeing such stories represented in photographs. The strangest scene appears in Untitled #150, In which an androgyn with a huge, extended tongue fills the foreground, and tiny figures stand in the landscape behind it, making it seem like a giant among Lilliputians (Thames and Hudson 9). Shermans Fairy Tales do not depict a specific example, but evoke a narrative form. By the early 1990s Sherman had tired of creating these shocking images turning to art history for inspiration. The result was a series of photographic portraits of her returning as the model, transformed by her usual false noses, bosoms, into both male and female figures as painted by various old masters of Western painting (Heller 225). Even when Sherman was creating history portraits she worked out of books, with reproduction, she says that Its the aspect of photography that I appreciate, conceptually: the idea that images can be reproduced and seen anytime, anywhere, by anyone ( Kimmelman 145). Just like all the rest of her works, the history paintings do not depict a particular painting but depicts types for the history genre. Sherman creates the most memorable and humorous pictures of women. Often spoofing the awkward depictions of the female anatomy of the Old Masters paintings. Understanding how ridiculous these history paintings are helps the viewer understand that Sherman is mocking the Western canon and its depiction of royalty and religious figures (Thames and Hudson 12). Shermans next career move was to a raunchy pornographic depiction of individuals called the Sex Pictures. Using mannequins and body parts form medical catalogues, she constructs hybrid dolls. Rather then showing the dolls having sex, Sherman proudly shows the sex. Sherman created these works in response to the controversy over the National Endowment for the arts ands the debates over the constitute obscenity in the arts. Typically, pornography portrays sex as anonymous, but in Shermans series she depicts sex as ridiculous (Thames and Hudson 14). It Shermans work, the notion of self is completely abandoned, replaced by the concept of multiplicity, dissociation, and fluidity. Yet, her portraits do not appear as performances only unstable representations in ambiguous non-narratives making brief appearances, caught in a moment of ambivalent emotional expression (Sobieszek, 253). Much of her work is clearly meant to be ambiguous. Her pictures have been interpreted as feminist indictments of gender stereotyping, but Sherman insists that she is not political (Heller 226). References Danto, Arthur C. Cindy Sherman: Untitled Film Stills. New York: Rizzoli, 1990.. Heller, Nancy G. Women Artists and Illustrated History. New York: Abbeville Press, 1987. Kimmelman, Michael. Portraits. New York: Random House, 1998. Schjeldahl, Peter. Cindy Sherman. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984. Sherman, Cindy. The complete Untitled Film Stills. New York: The museum Of Modern Art, 2003. Sills, Leslie. In Real Life: Six Women Photographers. New York: Holiday House, 2000. Sobieszek, Robert A. Photography and The Human Soul 1850-2000. Los Angles: MIT Press and Los Angles County Museum of Art, 1999 Thames and Hudson. Cindy Sherman Retrospective. Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1998.