Geriatric Depression Assessment and Plan of Care - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1760 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? It is difficult to imagine approximately 5.6 to 8 million Americans 65 years or older are diagnosed with a mental health or substance-use disorder (Bartels Naslund, 2013, p. 493). Furthermore, it is estimated by 2030 these numbers will not decrease, rather, increase. It is estimated 10.1 to 14.4 million geriatric patients will be diagnosed with a mental illness by 2030 (Bartels Naslund, 2013, p.493). Specifically within the geriatric population, mental health providers recognize depression is a common mental health concern worldwide. Depression has several factors that are disabling. Depression has a significant impact on a patients physical health, emotional health and general quality of life. For some, just waking up to see a new day of life could be a difficult challenge to overcome. Older adults are normally characterized as happy and satisfied with their quality of life. However, research proves this is not always true. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Geriatric Depression Assessment and Plan of Care" essay for you Create order Depression is common among the geriatric population, however, it is most prevalent among older residents living in nursing homes. In a randomized controlled trial, researchers in the United Kingdom evaluated residents among care homes. The geriatric population assessed were that of those 65 years or older. Researchers excluded all residents who they deemed too ill or diagnosed with a terminal illness. Together, historical data shows individuals susceptible to developing depression have other health related co-morbidities of which commonly include macular degeneration and stroke according to researchers Bartels and Naslund (2013). Other related health conditions collected within the historical data assessment includes urinary incontinence, dementia, anxiety, cancer, osteoporosis and chronic lung disease (Underwood et al., 2013). Those who are affected by depression also reported during historical data collection their lack of education, unemployment status and their lack of personal f inancial stability (Nair, Hiremath, Ramesh, Pooja, Nair, 2013). In other words, the geriatric population does not actively seek mental health care, as the affordability is an issue. If a patient were required to choose paying for their much needed diabetic supplies, versus seeking medical treatment, they would without hesitation spend their funding on their diabetic supplies. After all, they could die if their diabetic supplies are not refilled adequately. Assessment data recorded amongst the geriatric population was a major component within depressive research. Collectively, it was important to gather assessment data such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), European Qualify of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), current pain level and the individuals fear of falling score (Underwood et al., 2013, p. 43). Demographic data such as the patients age, race, height, weight, mid-arm circumferences and hip circumferences were also proven to be beneficial for researchers. It was important to assess the level of malnutrition among the geriatric population. When assessed for depression, a 24-hour diet food recall was completed (Ahmadi et al., 2013). It was also found beneficial to gather data including how many years of education the geriatric patient received and how many years were spent living inside of their home (Underwood et al., 2013). Mental health is often viewed as a forgotten part of healthcare. Unlike physical illnesses, mental health illnesses cannot always be diagnosed and determined by an x-ray or abnormal lab value. Rather, they are often evaluated by questionnaires and surveys. In determining the depressive findings among older adults, researchers must examine the above mentioned tests. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) ranges from a score of 0 to 15. Furthermore, the scoring of the exam is classified as 0-4 normal, 5-8 mild depression, 9-11 moderate depression and 12-15 severe depression (Greenberg, 2012). If a patient scores greater than 5 points on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), depression is warranted (Greenberg, 2012). If a patient scores greater than 10 on the GDS, this is clearly indicative of depression. It is statistically proven the Geriatric Depression Scale provides an accurate account of the level of depression amongst the geriatric patient population. The scale consists of series of questions compiled into a questionnaire. Researchers have developed a long form and a short form. The geriatric population is able to simply answer yes or no to questions such as, Do you feel that your life is empty? (Greenberg, 2012, para 8). Although this tool cannot be replaced by a complete and thorough evaluation by a mental health provider, it can provide a baseline of their mental illness. Nurses and caregivers can easily perform this test in order to assess whether or not further mental health care is indicated. Research demonstrates the scale should be performed regularly amongst older adults in resident care homes and community centers. The short 5-7 minute form could potentially save an older adults life. The GDS score is typically the depression diagnostic evaluator for the geriatric population. However, healthcare professionals should also evaluate the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score thoroughly, as it may provide other rationales for the patients behavioral and/or emotional concerns. Further, the GDS score does not present information on the patients assessment of suicidal ideation. That crucial piece of information should be meticulously examined at the time of the examination. Other scales mentioned in assessing depression among geriatric adults are Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Cooney et al., 2013). The type(s) of scales used are dependent on the healthcare providers choice of preference. In evaluating for a physiological reason as to the patients emotional concerns, labs such as a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, thyroid stimulating hormone, vitamin C and vitamin D should be drawn, as a part of the assessment procedure. A urine analysis should also be assessed. Depending on the sex of the patient being assessed, testosterone and estrogen levels should also be evaluated. Often, a slight abnormality within the lab workup can cause irrational, abnormal behavior. If a patient meets the criteria for the diagnosis of depression, it is important to explain to the patient what their diagnosis means. Most patients have heard of the word depression, but have never developed any thought into what it might entail. The word depression for some can be shameful to hear. This can make the patient feel even more saddened, after learning he/she has been diagnosed. After the patient has a grasp on what depression consists of, and how the provider came to their diagnostical decision, options for treatment should be explained. Antidepressants may be the first intervention implemented by the mental health provider. Antidepressants are known to be an effective type of therapy for those suffering from depression. However, before pharmacological techniques are introduced, a change in the patients lifestyle could be a simple and effective treatment. Exercise therapy has been suggested by researchers in the past, as being as effective if not more effective than antidepressant medication (Cooney, et al., 2013). Although ultimately an antidepressant medication may be required in order for the patient to live a happy life, exercise therapy can be suggested in conjunction to the medication. If the patient would rather attempt natural remedies for treating his/her depression, proper nutrition, exercise therapy and peer support would be beneficial for their plan of care (Bartels Naslund, 2013). A team approach must be taken to initiate the interventions suggested in the patients plan of care. The patient, their family, nurses, physicians, social workers, physical therapists and pharmacists should work together as a team to strive for one common goal: maintaining a happy and fulfilling life for the patient in need. The team should suggest non-pharmacological interventions such as joining a social club, going on a walk, visiting with friends on a regular basis and eating a balanced diet. These are just a few of the many suggestions the team could suggest the patient attempt, prior to prescribing an antidepressant. If these techniques are unsuccessful, the team should evaluate the medication regimen the patient is currently prescribed and consider the safest antidepressant available to administer. If the patient is at risk for suicidal ideation, family members and/or staff at the care home should be notified and preventative measures should be taken immediately. The patient should be informed of the serious side effects of the medication. Mental health patients often believe they are cured after noticing significant improvement after taking an antidepressant for a prolonged period of time. However,if used for longer than six weeks, all antidepressants have the potential to cause withdrawal syndromes if they are stopped or rapidly reduced (Keks, Hope, Keogh 2016, p. 76). Therefore, the risks of abruptly stopping their medication should be emphasized by the patients health care team. Conclusively, as the baby boomer generation continues to age, physical and mental health illnesses will rise. The geriatric population may actively seek medical help in order to treat their physical illnesses, however, healthcare personnel from all areas of the field should be cognizant of unrecognized depressive symptoms. A diagnosis of depression should be taken seriously and acted upon. After recognition, healthcare teams should act quickly and implement non-pharmacological and if needed, pharmacological measures immediately. References Ahmadi, S.M., Mohammadi, M.R., Mostafavi, S.A., Keshavarzi, S., Alikooshesh, S.M., Joulaei, H., Sarikhani, Y., Peimani, P., Heydari, S.T., Lankarani, K.B. (2013). Dependence of the geriatric depression on nutritional status and anthropometric indices in elderly population. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 8(2), 92-96. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3796300/pdf/IJPS-8-92.pdf Bartels, S. Naslund, J. (2013). The under side of the silver tsunami-older adults and mental health care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(6), 493-496. Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1211456 Chang, C.F., Lin, M.H., Wang, J., Fan, J.Y., Chou, L.N., Chen, M.Y. (2013). The relationship between geriatric depression and health-promoting behaviors among community-dwelling seniors. Journal of Nursing Research, 21(2), 75-82. doi: 10.1097/jnr.0b013e3182921fc9 Cooney, G.M., Dwan, K., Greig, C.A., Lawlor, D.A., Rimer, J., Waugh, F.R., McMurdo, M., Mead, G. E. (2013). Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6 Greenberg, S.A. (2012). The geriatric depression scale (GDS). Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 4. Retrieved from https://consultgeri.org/try-this/general-assessment/issue-4.pdf Keks, N., Hope, J., Keogh, S. (2016). Switching and stopping antidepressants. Australian Prescriber, 39(3), 76â€Å"83. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2016.039 Nair, S.S., Hiremath, S.G., Ramesh, Pooja, Nair, S.S. (2013). Depression among geriatrics: prevalence and associated factors. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 5(8), 110-112. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/730e/5946fb4d126fd54512bd8a6c1472ed53160c.pdf. Underwood, M., Lamb, S.E., Eldridge, S., Sheehan, B., Slowther, A.M., Spencer, A., Thorogood, M., Atherton, N., Bremner, S., Devine, A., Diaz-Ordaz, K., Ellard, D., Potter, R., Spanjers, K., Taylor, S. (2013). Exercise for depression in elderly residents of care homes: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 382(9886), 41-49. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673613606492

The Lawmaking Process and the House Rules - 761 Words

It is no secret that the lawmaking process is a long winding road of difficulty and roadblocks. Without a few representatives, a bill cannot be introduced in the House or into the Senate. If a bill is introduced to the House, it is named a number with the letters â€Å"HR† before it. If it is taken to the Senate, then it’s given a number with the letter â€Å"S† before it. When presenting a bill, what is most important is who supports said bill. Usually, more powerful members of Congress are wanted to sponsor a piece of legislation for support for its path of approval. After the bill is introduced in either house, it is then assigned to an appropriate sub-committee in that chamber. If the subcommittee does not discuss the bill or don’t like it, the bill is never discussed again by either the committee or the full Congress. However, if the full committee likes the bill and it is approved, then it is placed on agenda for a complete discussion by the full chamber. 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A more realistic version? Who wants to go to McDonald’s? Three hands go up. However, John is the official representative of the group, and he thinks The Tofu House is a better choice for the group. The Tofu House it is. Richard Parker suggests that it is time to reevaluate our system of indirect democracyRead MoreFeatures Of The Written Constitution Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesGovernor- General whose power are to summon, prorogue and dissolve Parliament (Govtnz, 2016). Following, the Legislature which is the Parliament- consists of Sovereign together with the House of Representative take responsibility in making law. Particularly, until the Sovereign assents to a Bill passed by the House, it would become an official law. Next, an Executive branch which composed of Member of Parliament and Parliamentary Under-secretary ‘s mandates are to develop policy and propose legislationRead MoreSeven Roles of Chief Legislator: Barack Obama1537 Words   |  7 Pagesofficers, raise and provide public money and oversee how it’s used, approve presidential appointments, approve treaties negotiated by the Executive Branch, and oversee investigations. (Capitol Visitor Center, n.d., p. xx-xx) Congress is divided into the House of Representatives which is determined by the size of a state’s population, and the Senate which has a person for every state in America so there is equality for decisions. 7 Roles of Chief Legislator One of the seven duties is the Chief of State

A Separate Peace Free Essays

â€Å"A Separate Peace† is a novel written by John Knowles at the back drop of the Second World War. The harsh realities of the time laid down the concept of the title of the novel, as according to Neil Baldwin, â€Å"The pressure of this environment at such a dire and impressionable time laid the foundation for A Separate Peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baldwin, p. 1). We will write a custom essay sample on A Separate Peace or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel was subsequently published in 1959 in England and in the United States in 1960. The title of the novel according to J. Knosldx and Liz Gershel refers both to the political and personal context of the novel. According to them, the political context of the novel refers to President’s Roosevelt’s warning that peace is indivisible and that war in one part of the world will endanger all other parts: â€Å"When peace has been broken anywhere, the peace of all countries anywhere is in danger† (p. 2). The personal contest of the novel refers to Finny’s inner joy and vision for peace in which Gene draws strength and comforts. The novel begins with Gene Forester’s return to the old high school in New Hampshire to reflect on some of the memories particularly on the incidents during the summer season between his junior and senior years. Gene referring to the old huge tree on the river bank says, â€Å"This was the tree, and it seemed to me standing there to resemble those men, the giants of your childhood, whom you encounter years later and find that they are not merely smaller in relation to your growth, but that they are†¦.the old giants have become pigmies the other way† (Knowles, p. 6).   Ã‚  As he walks around the empty campus of the Devon School, Gene recalls an incident where along with his friend Phineas or Finny, they attended a tea, in which Gene point out his dislike of Finny’s behavior towards the school authority. Finny deliberately defy the etiquette of the occasion by wearing the school’s tie as a belt, and dresses in a pink shirt. Gene commented that Finny is the single person who could â€Å"get away† with such manner of dressing. While he was resting at the foot of a huge tree overhanging a riverbank, a scene during his junior and senior years flashed back in his mind where his best friend named Phineas challenges â€Å"the other boys to make a leap from the fateful tree on the river bank into the cold waters† (Baldwin, p. 5). Baldwin noted that Gene recalled Finny’s aggressive and adventurous character all through the book. The political context of the novel is seen in Gene’s thinking wherein he said, â€Å"Nothing endures, not a tree, not love, not even violence. Changed, I headed back through the mud. I was drenched; anybody could see it was time to come in out of the rain† (Knowles, p. 6). Here, Gene seemed to be talking of the ruthlessness of war. Nothing can endure it, not even a tree. Perhaps this refers to the re-introduction of the conscription for all young men age seventeen to render military service. Al though they have three options, but all boils down to one, serving in the armed forces and face the imminent danger of being killed in action. According to Knosldx and Gershel, President Truman’s authorization of the dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 1945 not only ended the war, but it also spared the lives of many Americans. Knosldx and Gershel stated, â€Å"Gene acknowledges that his life and the lives of many of his classmates were spared this way† (p. 2). Thus, it appears that the author (Knowles) conveys his views of the impact of the war wherein he seemed hopeless whether everything will finally be over or the destructions and violence of war will continue until no one can endure it, not even love, not even a tree. How to cite A Separate Peace, Papers A Separate Peace Free Essays A Separate Peace Free Essays In â€Å"A Separate Peace†, John Knowles uses the characters come to understand the difference between fantasy and reality, innocence and  experience, and sympathy and hatred. Phineas uses denial to protect himself against the reality of war. One person can need protection to hide from an  experience  that’s been haunting their lives like a death in the family. We will write a custom essay sample on A Separate Peace or any similar topic only for you Order Now They need this protection to help them move on in life and find peace within themselves again. Some need protection from war in the thought of death during battle.This kind of protection is more physical then emotional in that it’s asking for protection that would shield any bullet that could  enter the  body. Others need an emotional type of protection from jealousy and hatred and to  escape  their fears and from truth. This could be needed to help one get through the day and live without having to hide from other people’s jealousy and hatred. In â€Å"A Separate Peace† by John Knowles, Phineas needs protection from the truth and reality.With this, John Knowles compares reality and the truth by exhibiting the cast as a barrier that protects Phineas from the world around him, as well as the thing of craziness and reality, of innocence and  knowledge, and of love and disgust. Phineas’ defensive attitude towards the war and life in general is a result  of his anxious character not wanting to accept the changes around him, leading him into denial for his friendship with Gene and the world outside the Devon school. When Phineas hears about the war, he puts himself into complete denial as he tells Gene, â€Å"Don’t be a sap,’ he gazed with cool self-possession at me, ‘there isn’t any war†¦ that’s what this whole war story is a horrible drug† (107). Phineas doesn’t believe that there is a war going on. This is one of the things that Phineas hides and can’t face. Towards the end, Phineas tells Gene that the one thing Phineas is mad about is not being able to do anything once he breaks his leg again, is that he can’t go away to war. This shows that Phineas probably told Gene that he didn’t believe in war to hide his real emotions. When Phineas shows that he is in denial about reality and can’t handle the truth, Gene states, â€Å"To begin joking, would have been a hypocritical denial, of what had happened, and Phineas was not capable of that† (109). Gene doesn’t think that Phineas can take the truth and won’t accept reality. This shows the way Gene sees Phineas as a person, who can’t handle reality and who is living his life in denial.Phineas was in such a mind state that he couldn’t even be joked around with as a  result  of his unbearable attitude towards his leg situation. As the fact of reality, when Phineas was pushed from the tree by Gene, he started to be seen before him, Phineas cries, â€Å"I don’t care,’ Phineas interrupted in an even voice, so full of richness that it overrode all the others. I don’t care† (168) Instead o f facing the fact that he was pushed out of the tree and move on to other things, he dwelled on the past, not believing anything. This shows the way Phineas views his life and his attitude towards the world, which was that he spends his time successively from the truth about how he fell from the tree and that there isn’t a war occurring around him. Phineas lives his life by hiding from the truth, the cast acting like a barrier keeping him away from accepting the differences, both emotional and physical, that  result  from his broken leg. The cast represents his deception of Gene, reality, and what makes him realize that he will never be able to play the sports that play a key part in his life.When Phineas is notified that he will never be able to play sports again, all he wants is someone to carry his sportsmanship for him, and that is when he tells Gene, â€Å"Listen, pal, if I can’t play sports; you’re going to play them for me,’ and I lost apart of myself to him then and a soaring sense of freedom, revealed that this might have been my purpose from the first; to become a part of Phineas† (77). Phineas loses the ability to play sports and wants Gene to do that for him, but Phineas also loses his innocence..He feels as if his whole purpose after Phineas’ accident was to become a part of him and do what he no longer will be able to do. It suddenly occurs to Gene that Phineas may never be able to walk again, let alone play sports, and this is when he states, â€Å"Then my eyes fell on the bound cast white mass pointing at me, and as it was always to do, it brought me down out of Finny’s world of creation, down again as I had fell after awakening that morning, down to reality, to the facts† (107 and 108).Gene didn’t realize the outcome of his actions toward Phineas until Gene saw Phineas’ side. Finny had a world of creation where he wouldn’t face the truth and the cast acted like a barrier that sustains Phineas from facing the truth. When Phineas tells Gene his feelings of hatred towards him, Gene’s description of Phineas is, â€Å"He struggled clumsily for such a length of time that even my mind, slowed and shocked as if it had been, was able to formulate two realizations: that his leg was bound†¦ nd that he was struggling to unleash his hate against me† (176). Gene knows about Phineas’ feelings of hatred towards him and how Phineas feels about the whole accident. The act wasn’t only a barrier for the truth, but a wall that was trying to unleash his hate for Gene and for what he did to Phineas’ wonderful life. How to cite A Separate Peace, Papers

Supply Chain Management for the Case Study of Airbus

Question: Describe about the Supply Chain Management for the Case Study of Airbus. Answer: Introduction The aerospace industry has recorded a consecutive increase in the sales continuously from last three years. Supply chain management is becoming the key element for the development of the aviation industry (Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012). The complexities and risk factors mainly lie in the section of supply and management of the company. This report is made to focus on the importance of supply chain management in an organization for its smooth and reliable operation. Supply Chain Performance of Airbus: In consideration of the globally established value chain analysis among the aerospace industry involves the completion of the customer requirements. There is no violation of this aspect in case of the Airbus. The production network is combing several factors: functions of the suppliers, transporters, retailers, manufacturers, etc. Airbus is focusing on the wide process of outsourcing. This aspect is totally related to the supply chain management of the organization (Khajavi, Partanen and Holmstrom 2014). The example of value chain analysis can be explained by: Airbus and Boeing together has introduced B787 and A350XWB, which involves more complex work packages in comparison with the previous programs, though it is used to reduce the time and cost involved. Working Process of the Supply Chain in Airbus The supply chain management is totally dependent on the working culture of the stakeholders of any organization. Airbus also provides importance to their employees for managing the value chain within the industry (Martinez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes 2014). The strategically involved suppliers and other stakeholders of the Airbus first examine the subsystems and crucial parts of the organization, this aspect builds good relationship with the suppliers, customers and the employees of the organization. Airbus launched packages according to the risk shared with the suppliers. The losses considered for the suppliers or external people involved in the organization are added with the cost involved in manufacturing the product or services. This aspect makes the suppliers more responsible with their work that involves the setting up of packages, and improvement of the scope of the work, etc. (Mena, Humphries and Choi 2013). The improvement of the working culture in Airbus, the management adds new programs for involving the experienced suppliers for getting better production. Supply Chain Map Airbus organization has taken up new initiatives to increase their supply chain resilience. In this organization, the supply chain process is quite complex, and disruption occurs due to resource constrains, quality and communication issues, environmental events and supplier's insolvency. From the following statistical graph, these illustrations can be better understood. Figure 1: Supply Chain Disruptions (Source: Liu, Kasturiratne and Moser 2012, pp-585) The strategy management process of Airbus organization is as follows Figure 2: Supply Chain Management of Airbus (Source: Golicic and Davis 2012, pp-730) The major actors of Airbus' management process are suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, retailers, and customers. In the research and development center, the manufacturers use raw materials to produce the best quality of aircraft products to the customers (Aung and Chang 2014). The first tier suppliers assemble the major parts of the system such as engines, interior, gear, and avionics. The second level suppliers deliver the manufactured products. Whereas, the third level suppliers perform specific operations of the aircraft system. After analyzing the supply chain management of the Airbus organization, it can be stated that outsourcing of aircraft parts is not at all a cost effective way. In addition, outside manufacturers are not concerned to enforce security standards which can reduce the competitive strength of this organization in the global market. Therefore, a new supply chain management is proposed in the following section which can help for reliable and smooth operations. Figure 3: New Supply Chain Management for Airbus (Source: Fayezi, O'Loughlin and Zutshi 2012, pp-568) The above supply chain management model is the best-fitted option for Airbus Company, which not only manufactures the best quality of products but also streamline the entire system to reduce operational cost, to enhance the quality and to speed up the aerospace operations. Customer Relationship Management: This helps to manage to establish a healthy relationship with the customers by maintaining it with loyalty. Through this, the management authorities will be able to target and prioritize the best customers and their needs (Liu et al. 2014). This contributes to making perfect performance report to measure the profitability of the customers and financial impacts of the organization. Customer Service Management: Through this, real and single time of information can be provided to the customers such as order status, product availability and shipping dates. Demand Management: It is very crucial to maintain a fair balance between customers needs and organizations capabilities (Huang et al. 2014). This process is related to the forecasting process including procurement, production, and distribution. Order Fulfillment: It is the key factor to make any supply chain management successful. Customers are the biggest asset if any organization and their needs should be prioritized at first. This process deals with manufacturing, marketing requirements and logistic operations (Mokasdar et al. 2014). These can help to meet the customer requirements by reducing the delivering cost to the consumers. Manufacturing Management: This is concerned with the product markings and its distribution over the network. It begins with team reviewing where marketing and corporate strategies are reviewed (Zhou et al. 2014). This will help to incorporate new technologies which are necessary for better operational flow. Supplier Relationship Management: Suppliers are the ones who can give best quality aircraft products to the organization. Through this, the organization will be able to strategize the sourcing and manufacturing plans and can identify the service components which are crucial to making best aircraft system. Product Development: Reviewing the sources and strategies is a major part to offer a new quality of products and services to the customers. This is very crucial to maintain customers loyalty. Return Investment: It is the last but most important part of the supply chain management process (Hou et al. 2014). This is very helpful to gain competitive advantages for the organization by reviewing the legal and environmental compliance guidelines. Measurement of Supply Chain Management After reviewing the supply chain strategies of the Airbus Company, some of the challenges are identified which are described as follows Internal Challenges Description External Challenges Description Safety Standards In the manufactured products of Airbus organization proper security standards are missing (Cousins et al. 2015). This creates a negative impact on the customer confidence as well as brand reputation. Fuel Price Day to day increase in the fuel price creates negative impacts on the economic performance of the organization. Outsourced management More dependency on the external suppliers can reduce the competitive strengths of the organization in the global market. CO2 Reduction The absence of proper RD standard products and lack of environmental standards in the aircraft system can increase the environmental pollution (Lawson et al. 2015). New Competition New entries in the market can challenge the organization from technical as well as quality front ends. Table 1: Challenges for Airbus (Source: Petersen et al. 2015, pp-15) Information Technology in Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is concerned with the flow of information and products among the members of the supply chain. Information technology also plays the vital role in relation to the supply chain management. There is no exception with Airbus in this case (Handfield et al. 2015). Airbus examined that, information, which is the main element in the case of the supply chain management is most of the time overlooked by the members of the supply chain. The infrastructure and capabilities of the IT provide aggressive positioning of the business initiatives: cycle implementation, cycle time reduction, etc. Airbus follows three core ideologies for implementation of the IT infrastructure in the value chain: making the customer satisfied, management of the information among the value chain, setting up new IT infrastructure for handling the information in the better way (Turner et al. 2014). Airbus introduces the elements of the IT infrastructure for the developing the supply chain within the organization: input-output devices, media for storage, software and hardware support for the maintenance system, etc. Bullwhip Effect An unmanaged supply chain is not intrinsically stable. The variation in demands of the customers increases, when one rise in the supply chain. Small changes in the customer demands will make the variation on the orders placed. Ultimately the network of the industry will oscillate in a large range (Woodward et al. 2014). This happens because the problems within the organization get reduced by the from the perspective of the supply chain management. This phenomenon is known as the Bullwhip Effect. Aerospace industry also faces this issue like other industries. The main reasons for the Bullwhip effects are: overreaction to the backlogs, inventory reduction for the neglecting the orders, lack of communication for making the supply chain down, coordination problem, delay time introduces by material flow, matching of the orders, inaccuracies of the demand forecasting (Madenas et al. 2014). The above mentioned factors are also maintained by the Airbus. The Airbus is aware of managing the ef fect of Bullwhip within the organization, which improvise their competitiveness. Forecasting 2015-2024 2025-2034 2015-2034 SHARE OF 2015-2034 NEW DELIVERIES AFRICA 460 657 1,117 3% ASIA/PACIFIC 4,986 7,610 12,596 39% CIS 577 711 1,288 4% EUROPE 3,375 2,990 6,365 20% LATIN AMERICA 1,111 1,399 2,510 8% MIDDLE EAST 1,174 1,187 2,361 7% NORTH AMERICA 2,972 2,572 5,544 17% FREIGHTERS 463 341 804 2% WORLD 15,118 17,467 32,585 100% Table 2: Forecasting Of Airbus Organization (Source: Aung and Chang 2014, pp-180) According to the statistics presented in the above table, it can be said that in the next 20 years, this organization will provide its aviation services will be served to many customers all over the world. People from all over the world can have access to the flying services both physically and economically. From 2015 to 2034, all total 32,600 aircraft products will be delivered to the customers with larger aircraft including A350, A330, and A380. Figure 3: Forecasting Graph (Source: Subramanian and Gunasekaran 2015, pp-220) Supply Chain Metrics Managers of Airbus organization should adopt the supply chain metric process to measure the complexity lies in the sourcing ad management platforms of the company. Figure 4: Supply Chain Metrics (Source: Hou et al. 2014, pp-1175) Supply Chain Metrics is very useful to capture the performance lack across the supply chain. In order to determine the relationship between chain performance and corporate performance, supply chain metrics is very crucial, as it can align the organizational logistic operations with new model implementations (Huang et al. 2014). As a result, company's growth can be increased regarding larger revenue growth. Process Map The upstream and downstream process of Airbus organization is as follows Figure 5: Upstream and Downstream Process of Airbus (Source: Golicic and Davis 2012, pp-180) In the upstream process, the aircraft product manufacturers take the raw materials from the suppliers before delivering it to the customer. In the downstream process, products are properly manufactured to be provided to the customers. Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) After evaluating the current supply chain operation of Airbus organization, implementation of SCRM inside the organization is very necessary to mitigate the challenges from the grass root level (Musa et al. 2012). Figure 5: Supply Chain Risk Management (Source: Abubakar et al. 2012, pp-200) The SCRM model is very helpful to analyze the internal and external constraints in order to improve the undeveloped areas of the organization. At first, the risk is identified, then it is evaluated and at last, some best solutions are found out to mitigate these problems. Conclusion According to the research done on the developmental perspective of the aerospace industry, it is noted that there is a huge growth opportunity for the aerospace industry if the OEMs improve the supply needs for accomplishing the customer needs. On this aspect, new supply chain management model is proposed for Airbus organization to mitigate its internal as well as external challenges. This model can help the organization to provide the best quality of products and services to the customers by reviewing all the marketing and corporate strategies. In turn, this will help to improve the current situation of the organization in an advanced way. References Alfalla-Luque, R., Medina-Lopez, C. and Schrage, H., 2013. A study of supply chain integration in the aeronautics sector.Production Planning Control,24(8-9), pp.769-784. 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